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GNU/Linux |
RedHat 6.2(Zoot) |
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nsswitch.conf(5) |
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nsswitch.conf − System Databases and Name Service Switch configuration file
Various functions in the C Library need to be configured to work correctly in the local environment. Traditionally, this was done by using files (e.g., ’/etc/passwd’), but other nameservices (like the Network Information Service (NIS) and the Domain Name Service (DNS)) became popular, and were hacked into the C library, usually with a fixed search order.
The Linux libc5 with NYS support and the GNU C Library 2.x (libc.so.6) contain a cleaner solution of this problem. It is designed after a method used by Sun Microsystems in the C library of Solaris 2. We follow their name and call this scheme "Name Service Switch" (NSS). The sources for the "databases" and their lookup order are specified in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file.
The following
databases are available in the NSS:
aliases
Mail aliases, used by sendmail(8). Presently ignored.
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ethers |
Ethernet numbers. | ||
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group |
Groups of users, used by getgrent(3) functions. | ||
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hosts |
Host names and numbers, used by gethostbyname(3) and similar functions. |
netgroup
Network wide list of hosts and users, used for access rules. C libraries before glibc 2.1 only support netgroups over NIS.
network
Network names and numbers, used by getnetent(3) functions.
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passwd |
User passwords, used by getpwent(3) functions. |
protocols
Network protocols, used by getprotoent(3) functions.
publickey
Public and secret keys for Secure_RPC used by NFS and NIS+.
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rpc |
Remote procedure call names and numbers, used by getrpcbyname(3) and similar functions. |
services
Network services, used by getservent(3) functions.
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shadow |
Shadow user passwords, used by getspnam(3). |
An example /etc/nsswitch.conf file could be look like (This is also the default if /etc/nsswitch.conf is missing):
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passwd: |
compat |
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group: |
compat |
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shadow: |
compat |
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hosts: |
dns [!UNAVAIL=return] files |
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networks: |
nis [NOTFOUND=return] files |
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ethers: |
nis [NOTFOUND=return] files |
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protocols: |
nis [NOTFOUND=return] files |
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rpc: |
nis [NOTFOUND=return] files |
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services: |
nis [NOTFOUND=return] files |
The first column is the database as you can guess from the table above. The rest of the line specifies how the lookup process works. You can specify the way it works for each database individually.
The
configuration specification for each database can contain
two different items:
* The service specification like ’files’,
’db’, or ’nis’.
* The reaction on lookup result like
’[NOTFOUND=return]’.
For libc5 with NYS, the allowed service specifications are ’files’, ’nis’ and ’nisplus’. For hosts, you could specify ’dns’ as extra service, for passwd and group ’compat’, but not for shadow.
For glibc, you must have a file called /lib/libnss_SERVICE.so.X for every SERVICE you are using. On a standard installation, you could use ’files’, ’db’, ’nis’ and ’nisplus’. For hosts, you could specify ’dns’ as extra service, for passwd, group and shadow ’compat’. These services will not be used by libc5 with NYS. The version number X is 1 for glibc 2.0 and 2 for glibc 2.1.
The second item in the specification gives the user much finer control on the lookup process. Action items are placed between two service names and are written within brackets. The general form is
’[’ ( ’!’? STATUS ’=’ ACTION )+ ’]’
where
STATUS => success | notfound | unavail | tryagain
ACTION => return | continue
The case of the
keywords is insignificant. The STATUS values are the results
of a call to a lookup function of a specific service. They
mean:
success
No error occurred and the wanted entry is returned. The default action for this is ’return’.
notfound
The lookup process works ok but the needed value was not found. The default action is ’continue’.
unavail
The service is permanently unavailable. This can either mean the needed file is not available, or, for DNS, the server is not available or does not allow queries. The default action is ’continue’.
tryagain
The service is temporarily unavailable. This could mean a file is locked or a server currently cannot accept more connections. The default action is ’continue’.
Interaction
with +/- syntax (compat mode)
Linux libc5 without NYS does not has the name service switch
but does allow the user some policy control. In
/etc/passwd you could have entries of the form +user
or +@netgroup (include the specified user from the NIS
passwd map), -user or -@netgroup (exclude the specified
user) and + (include every user, except the excluded ones,
from the NIS passwd map). Since most people only put a + at
the end of /etc/passwd to include everything from
NIS, the switch provides a faster alternative for this case
(’passwd: files nis’) which doesn’t
require the single + entry in /etc/passwd,
/etc/group and /etc/shadow. If this is not
sufficient, the NSS ’compat’ service provides
full +/- semantics. By default, the source is
’nis’, but this may be overriden by specifying
’nisplus’ as source for the pseudo-databases
passwd_compat, group_compat and shadow_compat.
This pseudo-databases are only available in GNU C
Library.
A service named SERVICE is implemented by a shared object library named libnss_SERVICE.so.X that resides in /lib.
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/etc/nsswitch.conf |
configuration file | ||
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/lib/libnss_compat.so.X |
implements ’compat’ source for glibc2 | ||
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/lib/libnss_db.so.X |
implements ’db’ source for glibc2 | ||
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/lib/libnss_dns.so.X |
implements ’dns’ source for glibc2 | ||
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/lib/libnss_files.so.X |
implements ’files’ source for glibc2 | ||
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/lib/libnss_hesoid.so.X |
implements ’hesoid’ source for glibc2 | ||
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/lib/libnss_nis.so.X |
implements ’nis’ source for glibc2 | ||
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/lib/libnss_nisplus.so.2 |
implements ’nisplus’ source for glibc 2.1 |
Within each process that uses
nsswitch.conf, the entire file is read only once; if
the file is later changed, the process will continue using
the old configuration.
With Solaris, it isn’t possible to link programs using
the NSS Service statically. With Linux, this is no
problem.
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nsswitch.conf(5) | |