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interfaces(5) |
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/etc/network/interfaces − network interface configuration for ifup and ifdown
/etc/network/interfaces contains network interface configuration information for the ifup(8) and ifdown(8) commands. This is where you configure how your system is connected to the network.
Lines starting with ’#’ are ignored. Note that end-of-line comments are NOT supported, comments must be on a line of their own.
A line may be extended across multiple lines by making the last character a backslash.
The file consists of zero or more "iface", "mapping", "auto", "allow-" and "source" stanzas. Here is an example.
auto lo eth0
allow-hotplug eth1
iface lo inet loopback
source interfaces.d/machine−dependent
mapping eth0
script /usr/local/sbin/map−scheme
map HOME eth0−home
map WORK eth0−work
iface eth0−home inet static
address 192.168.1.1
netmask 255.255.255.0
up flush−mail
iface eth0−work inet dhcp
iface eth1 inet dhcp
Lines beginning with the word "auto" are used to identify the physical interfaces to be brought up when ifup is run with the −a option. (This option is used by the system boot scripts.) Physical interface names should follow the word "auto" on the same line. There can be multiple "auto" stanzas. ifup brings the named interfaces up in the order listed.
Lines beginning with "allow-" are used to identify interfaces that should be brought up automatically by various subsytems. This may be done using a command such as "ifup −−allow=hotplug eth0 eth1", which will only bring up eth0 or eth1 if it is listed in an "allow-hotplug" line. Note that "allow-auto" and "auto" are synonyms.
Lines beginning with "source" are used to include stanzas from other files, so configuration can be split into many files. The word "source" is followed by the path of file to be sourced. Shell wildcards can be used. (See wordexp(3) for details.)
Stanzas beginning with the word "mapping" are used to determine how a logical interface name is chosen for a physical interface that is to be brought up. The first line of a mapping stanza consists of the word "mapping" followed by a pattern in shell glob syntax. Each mapping stanza must contain a script definition. The named script is run with the physical interface name as its argument and with the contents of all following "map" lines (without the leading "map") in the stanza provided to it on its standard input. The script must print a string on its standard output before exiting. See /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples for examples of what the script must print.
Mapping a name consists of searching the remaining mapping patterns and running the script corresponding to the first match; the script outputs the name to which the original is mapped.
ifup is normally given a physical interface name as its first non−option argument. ifup also uses this name as the initial logical name for the interface unless it is accompanied by a suffix of the form =LOGICAL, in which case ifup chooses LOGICAL as the initial logical name for the interface. It then maps this name, possibly more than once according to successive mapping specifications, until no further mappings are possible. If the resulting name is the name of some defined logical interface then ifup attempts to bring up the physical interface as that logical interface. Otherwise ifup exits with an error.
Stanzas defining logical interfaces start with a line consisting of the word "iface" followed by the name of the logical interface. In simple configurations without mapping stanzas this name should simply be the name of the physical interface to which it is to be applied. (The default mapping script is, in effect, the echo command.) The interface name is followed by the name of the address family that the interface uses. This will be "inet" for TCP/IP networking, but there is also some support for IPX networking ("ipx"), and IPv6 networking ("inet6"). Following that is the name of the method used to configure the interface.
Additional options can be given on subsequent lines in the stanza. Which options are available depends on the family and method, as described below. Additional options can be made available by other Debian packages. For example, the wireless−tools package makes available a number of options prefixed with "wireless−" which can be used to configure the interface using iwconfig(8). (See wireless(7) for details.)
Options are usually indented for clarity (as in the example above) but are not required to be.
To ease the configuration of VLAN interfaces, interfaces having . (full stop character) in the name are configured as 802.1q tagged virtual LAN interface. For example, interface eth0.1 is a virtual interface having eth0 as physical link, with VLAN ID 1.
For compatibility with bridge-utils package, if bridge_ports option is specified, VLAN interface configuration is not performed.
The following
"command" options are available for every family
and method. Each of these options can be given multiple
times in a single stanza, in which case the commands are
executed in the order in which they appear in the stanza.
(You can ensure a command never fails by suffixing "||
true".)
pre−up command
Run command before bringing the interface up. If this command fails then ifup aborts, refraining from marking the interface as configured, prints an error message, and exits with status 0. This behavior may change in the future.
up command
post−up command
Run command after bringing the interface up. If this command fails then ifup aborts, refraining from marking the interface as configured (even though it has really been configured), prints an error message, and exits with status 0. This behavior may change in the future.
down command
pre−down command
Run command before taking the interface down. If this command fails then ifdown aborts, marks the interface as deconfigured (even though it has not really been deconfigured), and exits with status 0. This behavior may change in the future.
post−down command
Run command after taking the interface down. If this command fails then ifdown aborts, marks the interface as deconfigured, and exits with status 0. This behavior may change in the future.
There exists for each of the above mentioned options a directory /etc/network/if−<option>.d/ the scripts in which are run (with no arguments) using run−parts(8) after the option itself has been processed. Please note that as post−up and pre−down are aliases, no files in the corresponding directories are processed. Please use if-up.d and if-down.d directories instead.
All of these commands have access to the following environment variables.
|
IFACE |
physical name of the interface being processed |
LOGICAL
logical name of the interface being processed
ADDRFAM
address family of the interface
|
METHOD |
method of the interface (e.g., static) | ||
|
MODE |
start if run from ifup, stop if run from ifdown | ||
|
PHASE |
as per MODE, but with finer granularity, distinguishing the pre-up, post-up, pre-down and post-down phases. |
VERBOSITY
indicates whether −−verbose was used; set to 1 if so, 0 if not.
|
PATH |
the command search path: /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:- /usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin |
Additionally, all options given in an interface definition stanza are exported to the environment in upper case with "IF_" prepended and with hyphens converted to underscores and non−alphanumeric characters discarded.
When ifupdown is being called with the −−all option, before doing anything to interfaces, if calls all the hook scripts (pre-up or down) with IFACE set to "−−all", LOGICAL set to the current value of −−allow parameter (or "auto" if it’s not set), ADDRFAM="meta" and METHOD="none". After all the interfaces have been brought up or taken down, the appropriate scripts (up or post-down) are executed.
This section documents the methods available in the inet address family.
The loopback
Method
This method may be used to define the IPv4 loopback
interface.
Options
(No options)
The static
Method
This method may be used to define Ethernet interfaces with
statically allocated IPv4 addresses.
Options
address address
Address (dotted quad/netmask) required
netmask mask
Netmask (dotted quad or CIDR)
broadcast broadcast_address
Broadcast address (dotted quad, + or -). Default value: "+"
metric metric
Routing metric for default gateway (integer)
gateway address
Default gateway (dotted quad)
pointopoint address
Address of other end point (dotted quad). Note the spelling of "point-to".
hwaddress address
Link local address.
mtu size
MTU size
|
scope |
Address validity scope. Possible values: global, link, host |
The manual
Method
This method may be used to define interfaces for which no
configuration is done by default. Such interfaces can be
configured manually by means of up and down
commands or /etc/network/if-*.d scripts.
Options
(No options)
The dhcp
Method
This method may be used to obtain an address via DHCP with
any of the tools: dhclient, pump, udhcpc, dhcpcd. (They have
been listed in their order of precedence.) If you have a
complicated DHCP setup you should note that some of these
clients use their own configuration files and do not obtain
their configuration information via ifup.
Options
hostname hostname
Hostname to be requested (pump, dhcpcd, udhcpc)
metric metric
Metric for added routes (dhclient)
leasehours leasehours
Preferred lease time in hours (pump)
leasetime leasetime
Preferred lease time in seconds (dhcpcd)
vendor vendor
Vendor class identifier (dhcpcd)
client client
Client identifier (dhcpcd, udhcpc)
hwaddress address
Hardware address.
The bootp
Method
This method may be used to obtain an address via bootp.
Options
bootfile file
Tell the server to use file as the bootfile.
server address
Use the IP address address to communicate with the server.
hwaddr addr
Use addr as the hardware address instead of whatever it really is.
The tunnel
Method
This method is used to create GRE or IPIP tunnels. You need
to have the ip binary from the iproute
package. For GRE tunnels, you will need to load the ip_gre
module and the ipip module for IPIP tunnels.
Options
address address
Local address (dotted quad) required
mode type
Tunnel type (either GRE or IPIP) required
endpoint address
Address of other tunnel endpoint required
dstaddr address
Remote address (remote address inside tunnel)
local address
Address of the local endpoint
gateway address
Default gateway
ttl time
TTL setting
mtu size
MTU size
The ppp
Method
This method uses pon/poff to configure a PPP interface. See
those commands for details.
Options
provider name
Use name as the provider (from /etc/ppp/peers).
unit number
Use number as the ppp unit number.
options string
Pass string as additional options to pon.
The wvdial
Method
This method uses wvdial to configure a PPP interface. See
that command for more details.
Options
provider name
Use name as the provider (from /etc/wvdial.conf).
The ipv4ll
Method
This method uses avahi-autoipd to configure an interface
with an IPv4 Link-Layer address (169.254.0.0/16 family).
This method is also known as APIPA or IPAC, and often
colloquially referred to as "Zeroconf
address".
Options
(No options)
This section documents the methods available in the ipx address family.
The static
Method
This method may be used to setup an IPX interface. It
requires the ipx_interface command.
Options
frame type
type of Ethernet frames to use (e.g. 802.2)
netnum id
Network number
The dynamic
Method
This method may be used to setup an IPX interface
dynamically.
Options
frame type
type of Ethernet frames to use (e.g. 802.2)
This section documents the methods available in the inet6 address family.
The auto
Method
This method may be used to define interfaces with
automatically assigned IPv6 addresses. Using this method on
its own doesn’t mean that RDNSS options will be
applied, too. To make this happen, rdnssd daemon must
be installed, properly configured and running. If stateless
DHCPv6 support is turned on, then additional network
configuration parameters such as DNS and NTP servers will be
retrieved from a DHCP server. Please note that on ifdown,
the lease is not currently released (a known bug).
Options
privext int
Privacy extensions (RFC3041) (0=off, 1=assign, 2=prefer)
dhcp int
Use stateless DHCPv6 (0=off, 1=on)
The loopback
Method
This method may be used to define the IPv6 loopback
interface.
Options
(No options)
The static
Method
This method may be used to define interfaces with statically
assigned IPv6 addresses. By default, stateless
autoconfiguration is disabled for this interface.
Options
address address
Address (colon delimited/netmask) required
netmask mask
Netmask (number of bits, eg 64)
gateway address
Default gateway (colon delimited)
media type
Medium type, driver dependent
hwaddress address
Hardware address
mtu size
MTU size
accept_ra int
Accept router advertisements (0=off, 1=on)
autoconf int
Perform stateless autoconfiguration (0=off, 1=on). Default value: "0"
privext int
Privacy extensions (RFC3041) (0=off, 1=assign, 2=prefer)
|
scope |
Address validity scope. Possible values: global, site, link, host |
preferred-lifetime int
Time that address remains preferred
The manual
Method
This method may be used to define interfaces for which no
configuration is done by default. Such interfaces can be
configured manually by means of up and down
commands or /etc/network/if-*.d scripts.
Options
(No options)
The dhcp
Method
This method may be used to obtain network interface
configuration via stateful DHCPv6 with dhclient. In stateful
DHCPv6, the DHCP server is responsible for assigning
addresses to clients.
Options
hwaddress address
Hardware address
accept_ra int
Accept router advertisements (0=off, 1=on). Default value: "0"
autoconf int
Perform stateless autoconfiguration (0=off, 1=on)
The v4tunnel
Method
This method may be used to setup an IPv6-over-IPv4 tunnel.
It requires the ip command from the iproute
package.
Options
address address
Address (colon delimited) required
netmask mask
Netmask (number of bits, eg 64)
endpoint address
Address of other tunnel endpoint (IPv4 dotted quad) required
local address
Address of the local endpoint (IPv4 dotted quad)
gateway address
Default gateway (colon delimited)
ttl time
TTL setting
mtu size
MTU size
The 6to4
Method
This method may be used to setup an 6to4 tunnel. It requires
the ip command from the iproute package.
Options
local address
Address of the local endpoint (IPv4 dotted quad) required
ttl time
TTL setting
mtu size
MTU size
This section documents the methods available in the can address family.
The static
Method
This method may be used to setup an Controller Area Network
(CAN) interface. It requires the the ip command from
the iproute package.
Options
bitrate bitrate
bitrate (1..1000000) required
samplepoint samplepoint
sample point (0.000..0.999)
loopback loopback
loop back CAN Messages (on|off)
listenonly listenonly
listen only mode (on|off)
triple triple
activate triple sampling (on|off)
oneshot oneshot
one shot mode (on|off)
berr berr
activate berr reporting (on|off)
The ifup and ifdown programs work with so-called "physical" interface names. These names are assigned to hardware by the kernel. Unfortunately it can happen that the kernel assigns different physical interface names to the same hardware at different times; for example, what was called "eth0" last time you booted is now called "eth1" and vice versa. This creates a problem if you want to configure the interfaces appropriately. A way to deal with this problem is to use mapping scripts that choose logical interface names according to the properties of the interface hardware. See the get-mac-address.sh script in the examples directory for an example of such a mapping script. See also Debian bug #101728.
The ifupdown suite was written by Anthony Towns <aj@azure.humbug.org.au>. This manpage was contributed by Joey Hess <joey@kitenet.net>.
ifup(8), ip(8), ifconfig(8), run−parts(8), resolvconf(8).
For advice on configuring this package read the Network Configuration chapter of the Debian Reference manual, available at http://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch05.en.html or in the debian-reference-en package.
Examples of how to set up interfaces can be found in /usr/share/doc/ifupdown/examples/network-interfaces.gz.
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interfaces(5) | |