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CentOS 5.2 |
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dlerror(3) |
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dladdr, dlclose, dlerror, dlopen, dlsym, dlvsym − programming interface to dynamic linking loader
#include <dlfcn.h>
void *dlopen(const char *filename, int flag);
char *dlerror(void);
void *dlsym(void *handle, const char *symbol);
int dlclose(void *handle);
The four functions dlopen(), dlsym(), dlclose(), dlerror() implement the interface to the dynamic linking loader.
dlerror
The function dlerror() returns a human readable
string describing the most recent error that occurred from
dlopen(), dlsym() or dlclose() since
the last call to dlerror(). It returns NULL if
no errors have occurred since initialization or since it was
last called.
dlopen
The function dlopen() loads the dynamic library file
named by the null-terminated string filename and
returns an opaque "handle" for the dynamic
library. If filename is NULL, then the returned
handle is for the main program. If filename contains
a slash ("/"), then it is interpreted as a
(relative or absolute) pathname. Otherwise, the dynamic
linker searches for the library as follows (see
ld.so(8) for further details):
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(ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program contains a DT_RPATH tag, and does not contain a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed in the DT_RPATH tag are searched. | ||
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If the environment variable LD_LIBRARY_PATH is defined to contain a colon-separated list of directories, then these are searched. (As a security measure this variable is ignored for set-user-ID and set-group-ID programs.) | ||
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(ELF only) If the executable file for the calling program contains a DT_RUNPATH tag, then the directories listed in that tag are searched. | ||
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The cache file /etc/ld.so.cache (maintained by ldconfig(8)) is checked to see whether it contains an entry for filename. | ||
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The directories /lib and /usr/lib are searched (in that order). |
If the library has dependencies on other shared libraries, then these are also automatically loaded by the dynamic linker using the same rules. (This process may occur recursively, if those libraries in turn have dependencies, and so on.)
One of the
following two values must be included in flag:
RTLD_LAZY
Perform lazy binding. Only resolve symbols as the code that references them is executed. If the symbol is never referenced, then it is never resolved. (Lazy binding is only performed for function references; references to variables are always immediately bound when the library is loaded.)
RTLD_NOW
If this value is specified, or the environment variable LD_BIND_NOW is set to a non-empty string, all undefined symbols in the library are resolved before dlopen() returns. If this cannot be done, an error is returned.
Zero of more of
the following values may also be ORed in flag:
RTLD_GLOBAL
The symbols defined by this library will be made available for symbol resolution of subsequently loaded libraries.
RTLD_LOCAL
This is the converse of RTLD_GLOBAL, and the default if neither flag is specified. Symbols defined in this library are not made available to resolve references in subsequently loaded libraries.
RTLD_NODELETE (since glibc 2.2)
Do not unload the library during dlclose(). Consequently, the library’s static variables are not reinitialised if the library is reloaded with dlopen() at a later time. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
RTLD_NOLOAD (since glibc 2.2)
Don’t load the library. This can be used to test if the library is already resident (dlopen() returns NULL if it is not, or the library’s handle if it is resident). This flag can also be used to promote the flags on a library that is already loaded. For example, a library that was previously loaded with RTLD_LOCAL can be re-opened with RTLD_NOLOAD | RTLD_GLOBAL. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
RTLD_DEEPBIND (since glibc 2.3.4)
Place the lookup scope of the symbols in this library ahead of the global scope. This means that a self-contained library will use its own symbols in preference to global symbols with the same name contained in libraries that have already been loaded. This flag is not specified in POSIX.1-2001.
If filename is a NULL pointer, then the returned handle is for the main program. When given to dlsym(), this handle causes a search for a symbol in the main program, followed by all shared libraries loaded at program startup, and then all shared libraries loaded by dlopen() with the flag RTLD_GLOBAL.
External references in the library are resolved using the libraries in that library’s dependency list and any other libraries previously opened with the RTLD_GLOBAL flag. If the executable was linked with the flag "−rdynamic" (or, synonymously, "−−export−dynamic"), then the global symbols in the executable will also be used to resolve references in a dynamically loaded library.
If the same library is loaded again with dlopen(), the same file handle is returned. The dl library maintains reference counts for library handles, so a dynamic library is not deallocated until dlclose() has been called on it as many times as dlopen() has succeeded on it. The _init routine, if present, is only called once. But a subsequent call with RTLD_NOW may force symbol resolution for a library earlier loaded with RTLD_LAZY.
If dlopen() fails for any reason, it returns NULL.
dlsym
The function dlsym() takes a "handle" of a
dynamic library returned by dlopen() and the
null-terminated symbol name, returning the address where
that symbol is loaded into memory. If the symbol is not
found, in the specified library or any of the libraries that
were automatically loaded by dlopen() when that
library was loaded, dlsym() returns NULL. (The search
performed by dlsym() is breadth first through the
dependency tree of these libraries.) Since the value of the
symbol could actually be NULL (so that a NULL return from
dlsym() need not indicate an error), the correct way
to test for an error is to call dlerror() to clear
any old error conditions, then call dlsym(), and then
call dlerror() again, saving its return value into a
variable, and check whether this saved value is not
NULL.
There are two special pseudo-handles, RTLD_DEFAULT and RTLD_NEXT. The former will find the first occurrence of the desired symbol using the default library search order. The latter will find the next occurrence of a function in the search order after the current library. This allows one to provide a wrapper around a function in another shared library.
dlclose
The function dlclose() decrements the reference count
on the dynamic library handle handle. If the
reference count drops to zero and no other loaded libraries
use symbols in it, then the dynamic library is unloaded.
The function dlclose() returns 0 on success, and non-zero on error.
The obsolete
symbols _init and _fini
The linker recognizes special symbols _init and
_fini. If a dynamic library exports a routine named
_init, then that code is executed after the loading,
before dlopen() returns. If the dynamic library
exports a routine named _fini, then that routine is
called just before the library is unloaded. In case you need
to avoid linking against the system startup files, this can
be done by giving gcc the "−nostartfiles"
parameter on the command line.
Using these routines, or the gcc −nostartfiles or −nostdlib options, is not recommended. Their use may result in undesired behavior, since the constructor/destructor routines will not be executed (unless special measures are taken).
Instead, libraries should export routines using the __attribute__((constructor)) and __attribute__((destructor)) function attributes. See the gcc info pages for information on these. Constructor routines are executed before dlopen() returns, and destructor routines are executed before dlclose() returns.
Glibc adds two functions not described by POSIX, with prototypes
#define
_GNU_SOURCE
#include <dlfcn.h>
int dladdr(void *addr, Dl_info *info);
void *dlvsym(void *handle, char *symbol, char *version);
The function dladdr() takes a function pointer and tries to resolve name and file where it is located. Information is stored in the Dl_info structure:
typedef struct
{
const char *dli_fname;/* Filename of defining object */
void *dli_fbase; /* Load address of that object */
const char *dli_sname;/* Name of nearest lower symbol */
void *dli_saddr; /* Exact value of nearest symbol */
} Dl_info;
dladdr() returns 0 on error, and non-zero on success.
The function dlvsym() does the same as dlsym() but takes a version string as an additional argument.
Load the math library, and print the cosine of 2.0:
#include
<stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <dlfcn.h>
int main(int
argc, char **argv) {
void *handle;
double (*cosine)(double);
char *error;
handle = dlopen
("libm.so", RTLD_LAZY);
if (!handle) {
fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", dlerror());
exit(1);
}
dlerror(); /*
Clear any existing error */
cosine = dlsym(handle, "cos");
if ((error = dlerror()) != NULL) {
fprintf (stderr, "%s\n", error);
exit(1);
}
printf
("%f\n", (*cosine)(2.0));
dlclose(handle);
return 0;
}
If this program were in a file named "foo.c", you would build the program with the following command:
gcc −rdynamic −o foo foo.c −ldl
Libraries exporting _init() and _fini() will want to be compiled as follows, using bar.c as the example name:
gcc −shared −nostartfiles −o bar bar.c
The symbols RTLD_DEFAULT and RTLD_NEXT are defined by <dlfcn.h> only when _GNU_SOURCE was defined before including it.
Since glibc 2.2.3, atexit(3) can be used to register an exit handler that is automatically called when a library is unloaded.
The dlopen interface standard comes from SunOS. That system also has dladdr(), but not dlvsym().
POSIX.1-2001 describes dlclose(), dlerror(), dlopen(), and dlsym().
ld(1), ldd(1), dl_iterate_phdr(3), ld.so(8), ldconfig(8), ld.so info pages, gcc info pages, ld info pages
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dlerror(3) | |