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	perltoc(1)

PERLTOC

NAME
DESCRIPTION
BASIC DOCUMENTATION
SYNOPSIS
PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION
MODULE DOCUMENTATION
AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION
AUTHOR

NAME

perltoc − perl documentation table of contents

DESCRIPTION

This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped through to locate the proper section you’re looking for.

BASIC DOCUMENTATION

perl − Practical Extraction and Report Language
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AVAILABILITY
ENVIRONMENT
AUTHOR
FILES
SEE ALSO
DIAGNOSTICS
BUGS
NOTES

perlfaq − frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 1999/05/23 20:38:02 $)
DESCRIPTION

perlfaq: Structural overview of the FAQ .
the perlfaq1 manpage: General Questions About Perl
the perlfaq2 manpage: Obtaining and Learning about Perl
the perlfaq3 manpage: Programming Tools
the perlfaq4 manpage: Data Manipulation
the perlfaq5 manpage: Files and Formats
the perlfaq6 manpage: Regexps
the perlfaq7 manpage: General Perl Language Issues
the perlfaq8 manpage: System Interaction
the perlfaq9 manpage: Networking

About the perlfaq documents

Where to get the perlfaq
How to contribute to the perlfaq
What will happen if you mail your Perl programming problems to the
authors

Credits
Author and Copyright Information

Bundled Distributions
Disclaimer

Changes

1/November/2000, 23/May/99, 13/April/99, 7/January/99, 22/June/98, 24/April/97, 23/April/97, 25/March/97, 18/March/97, 17/March/97 Version, Initial Release: 11/March/97

perlbook − Perl book information
DESCRIPTION

perlsyn − Perl syntax
DESCRIPTION

Declarations
Simple statements
Compound statements
Loop Control
For Loops
Foreach Loops
Basic BLOCKs and Switch Statements
Goto
PODs: Embedded Documentation
Plain Old Comments (Not!)

perldata − Perl data types
DESCRIPTION

Variable names
Context
Scalar values
Scalar value constructors
List value constructors
Slices
Typeglobs and Filehandles

SEE ALSO

perlop − Perl operators and precedence
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Terms and List Operators (Leftward)
The Arrow Operator
Auto-increment and Auto-decrement
Exponentiation
Symbolic Unary Operators
Binding Operators
Multiplicative Operators
Additive Operators
Shift Operators
Named Unary Operators
Relational Operators
Equality Operators
Bitwise And
Bitwise Or and Exclusive Or
C-style Logical And
C-style Logical Or
Range Operators
Conditional Operator
Assignment Operators
Comma Operator
List Operators (Rightward)
Logical Not
Logical And
Logical or and Exclusive Or
C Operators Missing From Perl

unary &, unary *, ( TYPE )

Quote and Quote-like Operators
Regexp Quote-Like Operators

?PATTERN?, m/PATTERN/cgimosx, /PATTERN/cgimosx, q/STRING/, "’STRING’", qq/STRING/, " STRING ", qr/STRING/imosx, qx/STRING/, ’STRING’, qw/STRING/, s/PATTERN/REPLACEMENT/egimosx, tr/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds, y/SEARCHLIST/REPLACEMENTLIST/cds

Gory details of parsing quoted constructs

Finding the end, Removal of backslashes before delimiters, Interpolation, "<<’EOF’", "m’’", "s’’’", "tr///", "y///", "’’", "q//", """", "’’", "qq//", "qx//", "<file*glob>", "?RE?", "/RE/", "m/RE/", "s/RE/foo/",, Interpolation of regular expressions, Optimization of regular expressions

I/O Operators
Constant Folding
Bitwise String Operators
Integer Arithmetic
Floating-point Arithmetic
Bigger Numbers

perlsub − Perl subroutines
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Private Variables via my()
Persistent Private Variables
Temporary Values via local()
Lvalue subroutines
Passing Symbol Table Entries (typeglobs)
When to Still Use local()
Pass by Reference
Prototypes
Constant Functions
Overriding Built-in Functions
Autoloading
Subroutine Attributes

SEE ALSO

perlfunc − Perl builtin functions
DESCRIPTION

Perl Functions by Category

Functions for SCALARs or strings, Regular expressions and pattern matching, Numeric functions, Functions for real @ARRAYs, Functions for list data, Functions for real %HASHes, Input and output functions, Functions for fixed length data or records, Functions for filehandles, files, or directories, Keywords related to the control flow of your perl program, Keywords related to scoping, Miscellaneous functions, Functions for processes and process groups, Keywords related to perl modules, Keywords related to classes and object-orientedness, Low-level socket functions, System V interprocess communication functions, Fetching user and group info, Fetching network info, Time-related functions, Functions new in perl5, Functions obsoleted in perl5

Portability
Alphabetical Listing of Perl Functions

−X FILEHANDLE , −X EXPR , −X, abs VALUE , abs, accept NEWSOCKET ,GENERICSOCKET, alarm SECONDS , alarm, atan2 Y,X, bind SOCKET ,NAME, binmode FILEHANDLE , DISCIPLINE , binmode FILEHANDLE , bless REF ,CLASSNAME, bless REF , caller EXPR , caller, chdir EXPR , chmod LIST , chomp VARIABLE , chomp LIST , chomp, chop VARIABLE , chop LIST , chop, chown LIST , chr NUMBER , chr, chroot FILENAME , chroot, close FILEHANDLE , close, closedir DIRHANDLE , connect SOCKET ,NAME, continue BLOCK , cos EXPR , cos, crypt PLAINTEXT ,SALT, dbmclose HASH , dbmopen HASH ,DBNAME,MASK, defined EXPR , defined, delete EXPR , die LIST , do BLOCK , do SUBROUTINE( LIST ), do EXPR , dump LABEL , dump, each HASH , eof FILEHANDLE , eof (), eof, eval EXPR , eval BLOCK , exec LIST , exec PROGRAM LIST , exists EXPR , exit EXPR , exp EXPR , exp, fcntl FILEHANDLE ,FUNCTION,SCALAR, fileno FILEHANDLE , flock FILEHANDLE ,OPERATION, fork, format, formline PICTURE ,LIST, getc FILEHANDLE , getc, getlogin, getpeername SOCKET , getpgrp PID , getppid, getpriority WHICH ,WHO, getpwnam NAME , getgrnam NAME , gethostbyname NAME , getnetbyname NAME , getprotobyname NAME , getpwuid UID , getgrgid GID , getservbyname NAME ,PROTO, gethostbyaddr ADDR ,ADDRTYPE, getnetbyaddr ADDR ,ADDRTYPE, getprotobynumber NUMBER , getservbyport PORT ,PROTO, getpwent, getgrent, gethostent, getnetent, getprotoent, getservent, setpwent, setgrent, sethostent STAYOPEN , setnetent STAYOPEN , setprotoent STAYOPEN , setservent STAYOPEN , endpwent, endgrent, endhostent, endnetent, endprotoent, endservent, getsockname SOCKET , getsockopt SOCKET ,LEVEL,OPTNAME, glob EXPR , glob, gmtime EXPR , goto LABEL , goto EXPR , goto &NAME, grep BLOCK LIST , grep EXPR ,LIST, hex EXPR , hex, import, index STR ,SUBSTR,POSITION, index STR ,SUBSTR, int EXPR , int, ioctl FILEHANDLE ,FUNCTION,SCALAR, join EXPR ,LIST, keys HASH , kill SIGNAL , LIST , last LABEL , last, lc EXPR , lc, lcfirst EXPR , lcfirst, length EXPR , length, link OLDFILE ,NEWFILE, listen SOCKET ,QUEUESIZE, local EXPR , localtime EXPR , lock, log EXPR , log, lstat FILEHANDLE , lstat EXPR , lstat, m//, map BLOCK LIST , map EXPR ,LIST, mkdir FILENAME ,MASK, mkdir FILENAME , msgctl ID ,CMD,ARG, msgget KEY ,FLAGS, msgrcv ID ,VAR,SIZE,TYPE,FLAGS, msgsnd ID ,MSG,FLAGS, my EXPR , my EXPR : ATTRIBUTES , next LABEL , next, no Module LIST , oct EXPR , oct, open FILEHANDLE ,MODE,LIST, open FILEHANDLE ,EXPR, open FILEHANDLE , opendir DIRHANDLE ,EXPR, ord EXPR , ord, our EXPR , pack TEMPLATE ,LIST, package NAMESPACE , package, pipe READHANDLE ,WRITEHANDLE, pop ARRAY , pop, pos SCALAR , pos, print FILEHANDLE LIST , print LIST , print, printf FILEHANDLE FORMAT , LIST , printf FORMAT , LIST , prototype FUNCTION , push ARRAY ,LIST, q/STRING/, qq/STRING/, qr/STRING/, qx/STRING/, qw/STRING/, quotemeta EXPR , quotemeta, rand EXPR , rand, read FILEHANDLE ,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, read FILEHANDLE ,SCALAR,LENGTH, readdir DIRHANDLE , readline EXPR , readlink EXPR , readlink, readpipe EXPR , recv SOCKET ,SCALAR,LENGTH,FLAGS, redo LABEL , redo, ref EXPR , ref, rename OLDNAME ,NEWNAME, require VERSION , require EXPR , require, reset EXPR , reset, return EXPR , return, reverse LIST , rewinddir DIRHANDLE , rindex STR ,SUBSTR,POSITION, rindex STR ,SUBSTR, rmdir FILENAME , rmdir, s///, scalar EXPR , seek FILEHANDLE ,POSITION,WHENCE, seekdir DIRHANDLE ,POS, select FILEHANDLE , select, select RBITS ,WBITS,EBITS,TIMEOUT, semctl ID ,SEMNUM,CMD,ARG, semget KEY ,NSEMS,FLAGS, semop KEY ,OPSTRING, send SOCKET ,MSG,FLAGS,TO, send SOCKET ,MSG,FLAGS, setpgrp PID ,PGRP, setpriority WHICH ,WHO,PRIORITY, setsockopt SOCKET ,LEVEL,OPTNAME,OPTVAL, shift ARRAY , shift, shmctl ID ,CMD,ARG, shmget KEY ,SIZE,FLAGS, shmread ID ,VAR,POS,SIZE, shmwrite ID ,STRING,POS,SIZE, shutdown SOCKET ,HOW, sin EXPR , sin, sleep EXPR , sleep, socket SOCKET ,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, socketpair SOCKET1 ,SOCKET2,DOMAIN,TYPE,PROTOCOL, sort SUBNAME LIST , sort BLOCK LIST , sort LIST , splice ARRAY ,OFFSET,LENGTH,LIST, splice ARRAY ,OFFSET,LENGTH, splice ARRAY ,OFFSET, splice ARRAY , split /PATTERN/,EXPR,LIMIT, split /PATTERN/,EXPR, split /PATTERN/, split, sprintf FORMAT , LIST , sqrt EXPR , sqrt, srand EXPR , srand, stat FILEHANDLE , stat EXPR , stat, study SCALAR , study, sub BLOCK , sub NAME , sub NAME BLOCK , substr EXPR ,OFFSET,LENGTH,REPLACEMENT, substr EXPR ,OFFSET,LENGTH, substr EXPR ,OFFSET, symlink OLDFILE ,NEWFILE, syscall LIST , sysopen FILEHANDLE ,FILENAME,MODE, sysopen FILEHANDLE ,FILENAME,MODE,PERMS, sysread FILEHANDLE ,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, sysread FILEHANDLE ,SCALAR,LENGTH, sysseek FILEHANDLE ,POSITION,WHENCE, system LIST , system PROGRAM LIST , syswrite FILEHANDLE ,SCALAR,LENGTH,OFFSET, syswrite FILEHANDLE ,SCALAR,LENGTH, syswrite FILEHANDLE ,SCALAR, tell FILEHANDLE , tell, telldir DIRHANDLE , tie VARIABLE ,CLASSNAME,LIST, tied VARIABLE , time, times, tr///, truncate FILEHANDLE ,LENGTH, truncate EXPR ,LENGTH, uc EXPR , uc, ucfirst EXPR , ucfirst, umask EXPR , umask, undef EXPR , undef, unlink LIST , unlink, unpack TEMPLATE ,EXPR, untie VARIABLE , unshift ARRAY ,LIST, use Module VERSION LIST , use Module VERSION , use Module LIST , use Module, use VERSION , utime LIST , values HASH , vec EXPR ,OFFSET,BITS, wait, waitpid PID ,FLAGS, wantarray, warn LIST , write FILEHANDLE , write EXPR , write, y///

perlreftut − Mark’s very short tutorial about references
DESCRIPTION
Who Needs Complicated Data Structures?
The Solution
Syntax

Making References
Using References

An Example
Arrow Rule
Solution
The Rest
Summary
Credits

Distribution Conditions

perldsc − Perl Data Structures Cookbook
DESCRIPTION

arrays of arrays, hashes of arrays, arrays of hashes, hashes of hashes, more elaborate constructs

REFERENCES
COMMON MISTAKES
CAVEAT ON PRECEDENCE
WHY YOU SHOULD ALWAYS ""use strict""
DEBUGGING
CODE EXAMPLES
ARRAYS OF ARRAYS

Declaration of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
Generation of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS
Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF ARRAYS

HASHES OF ARRAYS

Declaration of a HASH OF ARRAYS
Generation of a HASH OF ARRAYS
Access and Printing of a HASH OF ARRAYS

ARRAYS OF HASHES

Declaration of a ARRAY OF HASHES
Generation of a ARRAY OF HASHES
Access and Printing of a ARRAY OF HASHES

HASHES OF HASHES

Declaration of a HASH OF HASHES
Generation of a HASH OF HASHES
Access and Printing of a HASH OF HASHES

MORE ELABORATE RECORDS

Declaration of MORE ELABORATE RECORDS
Declaration of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS
Generation of a HASH OF COMPLEX RECORDS

Database Ties
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

perlrequick − Perl regular expressions quick start
DESCRIPTION
The Guide

Simple word matching
Using character classes
Matching this or that
Grouping things and hierarchical matching
Extracting matches
Matching repetitions
More matching
Search and replace
The split operator

BUGS
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

Acknowledgments

perlpod − plain old documentation
DESCRIPTION

Verbatim Paragraph
Command Paragraph
Ordinary Block of Text
The Intent
Embedding Pods in Perl Modules
Common Pod Pitfalls

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

perlstyle − Perl style guide
DESCRIPTION

perltrap − Perl traps for the unwary
DESCRIPTION

Awk Traps
C Traps
Sed Traps
Shell Traps
Perl Traps
Perl4 to Perl5 Traps

Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps, Parsing Traps, Numerical Traps, General data type traps, Context Traps − scalar, list contexts, Precedence Traps, General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc, Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps, OS Traps, DBM Traps, Unclassified Traps

Discontinuance, Deprecation, and BugFix traps

Discontinuance, Deprecation, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Discontinuance, BugFix, Discontinuance, Deprecation, Discontinuance, Discontinuance

Parsing Traps

Parsing, Parsing, Parsing, Parsing

Numerical Traps

Numerical, Numerical, Numerical, Bitwise string ops

General data type traps

(Arrays), (Arrays), (Hashes), (Globs), (Globs), (Scalar String), (Constants), (Scalars), (Variable Suicide)

Context Traps − scalar, list contexts

(list context), (scalar context), (scalar context), (list, builtin)

Precedence Traps

Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence, Precedence

General Regular Expression Traps using s///, etc.

Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression, Regular Expression

Subroutine, Signal, Sorting Traps

(Signals), (Sort Subroutine), warn() won’t let you specify a filehandle

OS Traps

(SysV), (SysV)

Interpolation Traps

Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation, Interpolation

DBM Traps

DBM , DBM

Unclassified Traps

"require"/"do" trap using returned value, "split" on empty string with LIMIT specified

perlrun − how to execute the Perl interpreter
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

#! and quoting on non-Unix systems

OS/2 , MS-DOS , Win95/NT, Macintosh, VMS

Location of Perl
Command Switches

−0[digits], −a, −C, −c, −d, −d:foo[=bar,baz], −Dletters, −Dnumber, −e commandline, −Fpattern, −h, −i[extension], −Idirectory, −l[octnum], −m[-]module, −M[-]module, −M[-]’module ...’, −[mM][-]module=arg[,arg]..., −n, −p, −P, −s, −S, −T, −u, −U, −v, −V, −V:name, −w, −W, −X, −x directory

ENVIRONMENT

HOME , LOGDIR , PATH , PERL5LIB , PERL5OPT , PERLLIB , PERL5DB , PERL5SHELL (specific to the Win32 port), PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS , PERL_DESTRUCT_LEVEL , PERL_ROOT (specific to the VMS port), SYS$LOGIN (specific to the VMS port)

perldiag − various Perl diagnostics
DESCRIPTION

perllexwarn − Perl Lexical Warnings
DESCRIPTION

Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
What’s wrong with −w and ""$^W""
Controlling Warnings from the Command Line

−w, −W, −X

Backward Compatibility
Category Hierarchy
Fatal Warnings
Reporting Warnings from a Module

TODO
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

perldebtut − Perl debugging tutorial
DESCRIPTION
use strict
Looking at data and −w and w
help
Stepping through code
Placeholder for a, w, t, T
REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
OUTPUT TIPS

CGI

GUIs
SUMMARY
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
CONTRIBUTORS

perldebug − Perl debugging
DESCRIPTION
The Perl Debugger

Debugger Commands

h [command], p expr, x expr, V [pkg [vars]], X [vars], T, s [expr], n [expr], r, < CR >, c [line⎪sub], l, l min+incr, l min-max, l line, l subname, −, w [line], f filename, /pattern/, ?pattern?, L, S [[!]regex], t, t expr, b [line] [condition], b subname [condition], b postpone subname [condition], b load filename, b compile subname, d [line], D, a [line] command, a [line], A, W expr, W, O booloption .., O anyoption? .., O option=value .., < ?, < [ command ], << command, > ?, > command, >> command, { ?, { [ command ], {{ command, ! number, ! −number, ! pattern, !! cmd, H −number, q or ^D, R, ⎪dbcmd, ⎪⎪dbcmd, command, m expr, man [manpage]

Configurable Options

"recallCommand", "ShellBang", "pager", "tkRunning", "signalLevel", "warnLevel", "dieLevel", "AutoTrace", "LineInfo", "inhibit_exit", "PrintRet", "ornaments", "frame", "maxTraceLen", "arrayDepth", "hashDepth", "compactDump", "veryCompact", "globPrint", "DumpDBFiles", "DumpPackages", "DumpReused", "quote", "HighBit", "undefPrint", "UsageOnly", "TTY", "noTTY", "ReadLine", "NonStop"

Debugger input/output

Prompt, Multiline commands, Stack backtrace, Line Listing Format, Frame listing

Debugging compile-time statements
Debugger Customization
Readline Support
Editor Support for Debugging
The Perl Profiler

Debugging regular expressions
Debugging memory usage
SEE ALSO
BUGS

perlvar − Perl predefined variables
DESCRIPTION

Predefined Names

$ARG, $_, $<digits>, $MATCH, $&, $PREMATCH, $’, $POSTMATCH, $’, $LAST_PAREN_MATCH, $+, @LAST_MATCH_END, @+, $MULTILINE_MATCHING, $*, input_line_number HANDLE EXPR , $INPUT_LINE_NUMBER, $NR, $, input_record_separator HANDLE EXPR , $INPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $RS, $/, autoflush HANDLE EXPR , $OUTPUT_AUTOFLUSH, $⎪, output_field_separator HANDLE EXPR , $OUTPUT_FIELD_SEPARATOR, $OFS, $,, output_record_separator HANDLE EXPR , $OUTPUT_RECORD_SEPARATOR, $ORS, $\, $LIST_SEPARATOR, $", $SUBSCRIPT_SEPARATOR, $SUBSEP, $;, $OFMT, $#, format_page_number HANDLE EXPR , $FORMAT_PAGE_NUMBER, $%, format_lines_per_page HANDLE EXPR , $FORMAT_LINES_PER_PAGE, $=, format_lines_left HANDLE EXPR , $FORMAT_LINES_LEFT, $−, @LAST_MATCH_START, @−, "$’" is the same as "substr($var, 0, $−[0])", "$&" is the same as "substr($var, $−[0], $+[0] − $−[0])", "$’" is the same as "substr($var, $+[0])", "$1" is the same as "substr($var, $−[1], $+[1] − $−[1])", "$2" is the same as "substr($var, $−[2], $+[2] − $−[2])", "$3" is the same as "substr $var, $−[3], $+[3] − $−[3])", format_name HANDLE EXPR , $FORMAT_NAME, $~, format_top_name HANDLE EXPR , $FORMAT_TOP_NAME, $^, format_line_break_characters HANDLE EXPR , $FORMAT_LINE_BREAK_CHARACTERS, $:, format_formfeed HANDLE EXPR , $FORMAT_FORMFEED, $^L, $ACCUMULATOR, $^A, $CHILD_ERROR, $?, $OS_ERROR, $ERRNO, $!, $EXTENDED_OS_ERROR, $^E, $EVAL_ERROR, $@, $PROCESS_ID, $PID, $$, $REAL_USER_ID, $UID, $<, $EFFECTIVE_USER_ID, $EUID, $>, $REAL_GROUP_ID, $GID, $(, $EFFECTIVE_GROUP_ID, $EGID, $), $PROGRAM_NAME, $0, $[, $], $COMPILING, $^C, $DEBUGGING, $^D, $SYSTEM_FD_MAX, $^F, $^H, %^H, $INPLACE_EDIT, $^I, $^M, $OSNAME, $^O, $PERLDB, $^P, 0x01, 0x02, 0x04, 0x08, 0x10, 0x20, 0x40, 0x80, 0x100, 0x200, $LAST_REGEXP_CODE_RESULT, $^R, $EXCEPTIONS_BEING_CAUGHT, $^S, $BASETIME, $^T, $PERL_VERSION, $^V, $WARNING, $^W, ${^WARNING_BITS}, ${^WIDE_SYSTEM_CALLS}, $EXECUTABLE_NAME, $^X, $ARGV, @ARGV, @INC, @_, %INC, %ENV, $ENV{expr}, %SIG, $SIG{expr}

Error Indicators
Technical Note on the Syntax of Variable Names

BUGS

perllol − Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
DESCRIPTION

Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays
Growing Your Own
Access and Printing
Slices

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

perlopentut − tutorial on opening things in Perl
DESCRIPTION
Open A la shell

Simple Opens
Pipe Opens
The Minus File
Mixing Reads and Writes
Filters

Open A la C

Permissions A la mode

Obscure Open Tricks

Re-Opening Files (dups)
Dispelling the Dweomer
Paths as Opens
Single Argument Open
Playing with STDIN and STDOUT

Other I/O Issues

Opening Non-File Files
Binary Files
File Locking

SEE ALSO

perlbot − Bag’o Object Tricks (the BOT )
DESCRIPTION
OO SCALING TIPS
INSTANCE VARIABLES
SCALAR INSTANCE VARIABLES
INSTANCE VARIABLE INHERITANCE
OBJECT RELATIONSHIPS
OVERRIDING SUPERCLASS METHODS
USING RELATIONSHIP WITH SDBM
THINKING OF CODE REUSE
CLASS CONTEXT AND THE OBJECT
INHERITING A CONSTRUCTOR
DELEGATION

perltie − how to hide an object class in a simple variable
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Tying Scalars

TIESCALAR classname, LIST , FETCH this, STORE this, value, UNTIE this, DESTROY this

Tying Arrays

TIEARRAY classname, LIST , FETCH this, index, STORE this, index, value, FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, PUSH this, LIST , POP this, SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST , SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST , UNTIE this, DESTROY this

Tying Hashes

USER , HOME , CLOBBER , LIST , TIEHASH classname, LIST , FETCH this, key, STORE this, key, value, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, EXISTS this, key, FIRSTKEY this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, UNTIE this, DESTROY this

Tying FileHandles

TIEHANDLE classname, LIST , WRITE this, LIST , PRINT this, LIST , PRINTF this, LIST , READ this, LIST , READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, UNTIE this, DESTROY this

UNTIE this
The ""untie"" Gotcha

SEE ALSO
HISTORY

perlunicode − Unicode support in Perl ( EXPERIMENTAL , subject to change)
DESCRIPTION

Important Caveat

Input and Output Disciplines, Regular Expressions, "use utf8" still needed to enable a few features

Byte and Character semantics
Effects of character semantics
Character encodings for input and output

CAVEATS
SEE ALSO

perlebcdic − Considerations for running Perl on EBCDIC platforms
DESCRIPTION
COMMON CHARACTER CODE SETS

ASCII
ISO 8859
Latin 1 ( ISO 8859−1)
EBCDIC
13 variant characters
0037
1047
POSIX-BC

SINGLE OCTET TABLES

recipe 0, recipe 1, recipe 2, recipe 3, recipe 4

IDENTIFYING CHARACTER CODE SETS
CONVERSIONS

tr///
iconv
C RTL

OPERATOR DIFFERENCES
FUNCTION DIFFERENCES

chr(), ord(), pack(), print(), printf(), sort(), sprintf(), unpack()

REGULAR EXPRESSION DIFFERENCES
SOCKETS
SORTING

Ignore ASCII vs. EBCDIC sort differences.
MONO CASE then sort data.
Convert, sort data, then re convert.
Perform sorting on one type of machine only.

TRANFORMATION FORMATS

URL decoding and encoding
uu encoding and decoding
Quoted-Printable encoding and decoding
Caesarian cyphers

Hashing order and checksums
I18N AND L10N
MULTI OCTET CHARACTER SETS
OS ISSUES

OS/400

IFS access

OS/390

chcp, dataset access, OS/390 iconv, locales

VM/ESA ?
POSIX-BC ?

BUGS
SEE ALSO
REFERENCES
AUTHOR

perlsec − Perl security
DESCRIPTION

Laundering and Detecting Tainted Data
Switches On the ""#!"" Line
Cleaning Up Your Path
Security Bugs
Protecting Your Programs

SEE ALSO

perlmod − Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
DESCRIPTION

Packages
Symbol Tables
Package Constructors and Destructors
Perl Classes
Perl Modules

SEE ALSO

perlmodlib − constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
DESCRIPTION
THE PERL MODULE LIBRARY

Pragmatic Modules

attributes, attrs, autouse, base, blib, bytes, charnames, constant, diagnostics, fields, filetest, integer, less, lib, locale, open, ops, overload, re, sigtrap, strict, subs, utf8, vars, warnings, warnings::register

Standard Modules

AnyDBM_File, AutoLoader, AutoSplit, B, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Concise, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref, Benchmark, ByteLoader, CGI , CGI: :Apache, CGI: :Carp, CGI: :Cookie, CGI: :Fast, CGI: :Pretty, CGI: :Push, CGI: :Switch, CGI: :Util, CPAN , CPAN: :FirstTime, CPAN: :Nox, Carp, Carp::Heavy, Class::Struct, Cwd, DB , DB_File, Devel::SelfStubber, DirHandle, Dumpvalue, English, Env, Exporter, Exporter::Heavy, ExtUtils::Command, ExtUtils::Embed, ExtUtils::Install, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Liblist, ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin, ExtUtils::MM_OS2, ExtUtils::MM_Unix, ExtUtils::MM_VMS, ExtUtils::MM_Win32, ExtUtils::MakeMaker, ExtUtils::Manifest, ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap, ExtUtils::Mksymlists, ExtUtils::Packlist, ExtUtils::testlib, Fatal, Fcntl, File::Basename, File::CheckTree, File::Compare, File::Copy, File::DosGlob, File::Find, File::Path, File::Spec, File::Spec::Epoc, File::Spec::Functions, File::Spec::Mac, File::Spec::OS2, File::Spec::Unix, File::Spec::VMS, File::Spec::Win32, File::Temp, File::stat, FileCache, FileHandle, FindBin, GDBM_File, Getopt::Long, Getopt::Std, I18N::Collate, IO , IPC: :Open2, IPC: :Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Net::Ping, Net::hostent, Net::netent, Net::protoent, Net::servent, O, Opcode, POSIX , Pod::Checker, Pod::Find, Pod::Html, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Man, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Parser, Pod::Plainer, Pod::Select, Pod::Text, Pod::Text::Color, Pod::Text::Overstrike, Pod::Text::Termcap, Pod::Usage, SDBM_File, Safe, Search::Dict, SelectSaver, SelfLoader, Shell, Socket, Symbol, Term::ANSIColor, Term::Cap, Term::Complete, Term::ReadLine, Test, Test::Harness, Text::Abbrev, Text::ParseWords, Text::Soundex, Text::Tabs, Text::Wrap, Thread, Thread::Queue, Thread::Semaphore, Thread::Signal, Thread::Specific, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Tie::Hash, Tie::RefHash, Tie::Scalar, Tie::SubstrHash, Time::Local, Time::gmtime, Time::localtime, Time::tm, UNIVERSAL , User::grent, User::pwent, Win32

Extension Modules

CPAN

Africa
Asia
Central America
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America

Modules: Creation, Use, and Abuse

Guidelines for Module Creation

Adding a Copyright Notice

Guidelines for Converting Perl 4 Library Scripts into Modules
Guidelines for Reusing Application Code

NOTE

perlmodinstall − Installing CPAN Modules
DESCRIPTION

PREAMBLE

DECOMPRESS the file, UNPACK the file into a directory, BUILD the module (sometimes unnecessary), INSTALL the module

PORTABILITY

HEY

AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

perlnewmod − preparing a new module for distribution
DESCRIPTION

Warning
What should I make into a module?
Step-by-step: Preparing the ground

Look around, Check it’s new, Discuss the need, Choose a name, Check again

Step-by-step: Making the module

Start with h2xs, Use strict and warnings, Use Carp, Use Exporter − wisely!, Use plain old documentation, Write tests, Write the README

Step-by-step: Distributing your module

Get a CPAN user ID , "perl Makefile.PL; make test; make dist", Upload the tarball, Announce to the modules list, Announce to clpa, Fix bugs!

AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

perlfaq1 − General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.23 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
DESCRIPTION

What is Perl?
Who supports Perl? Who develops it? Why is it free?
Which version of Perl should I use?
What are perl4 and perl5?
What is perl6?
How stable is Perl?
Is Perl difficult to learn?
How does Perl compare with other languages like Java, Python, REXX ,
Scheme, or Tcl?
Can I do [task] in Perl?
When shouldn’t I program in Perl?
What’s the difference between ""perl"" and ""Perl""?
Is it a Perl program or a Perl script?
What is a JAPH ?
Where can I get a list of Larry Wall witticisms?
How can I convince my sysadmin/supervisor/employees to use version
5/5.005/Perl instead of some other language?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlfaq2 − Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.32 $, $Date: 1999/10/14 18:46:09 $)
DESCRIPTION

What machines support Perl? Where do I get it?
How can I get a binary version of Perl?
I don’t have a C compiler on my system. How can I compile perl?
I copied the Perl binary from one machine to another, but scripts
don’t work.
I grabbed the sources and tried to compile but gdbm/dynamic
loading/malloc/linking/... failed. How do I make it work?
What modules and extensions are available for Perl? What is CPAN ?
What does CPAN/src/... mean?
Is there an ISO or ANSI certified version of Perl?
Where can I get information on Perl?
What are the Perl newsgroups on Usenet? Where do I post questions?
Where should I post source code?
Perl Books

References, Tutorials, Task-Oriented, Special Topics

Perl in Magazines
Perl on the Net: FTP and WWW Access
What mailing lists are there for Perl?
Archives of comp.lang.perl.misc
Where can I buy a commercial version of Perl?
Where do I send bug reports?
What is perl.com? Perl Mongers? pm.org? perl.org?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlfaq3 − Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
DESCRIPTION

How do I do (anything)?
How can I use Perl interactively?
Is there a Perl shell?
How do I debug my Perl programs?
How do I profile my Perl programs?
How do I cross-reference my Perl programs?
Is there a pretty-printer (formatter) for Perl?
Is there a ctags for Perl?
Is there an IDE or Windows Perl Editor?

CodeMagicCD, Komodo, The Object System, PerlBuilder, Perl code magic, visiPerl+, GNU Emacs, MicroEMACS, XEmacs, Elvis, Vile, Vim, Codewright, MultiEdit, SlickEdit, Bash, Ksh, Tcsh, Zsh, BBEdit and BBEdit Lite, Alpha

Where can I get Perl macros for vi?
Where can I get perl-mode for emacs?
How can I use curses with Perl?
How can I use X or Tk with Perl?
How can I generate simple menus without using CGI or Tk?
What is undump?
How can I make my Perl program run faster?
How can I make my Perl program take less memory?
Is it unsafe to return a pointer to local data?
How can I free an array or hash so my program shrinks?
How can I make my CGI script more efficient?
How can I hide the source for my Perl program?
How can I compile my Perl program into byte code or C?
How can I compile Perl into Java?
How can I get ""#!perl"" to work on [ MS-DOS ,NT,...]?
Can I write useful Perl programs on the command line?
Why don’t Perl one-liners work on my DOS/Mac/VMS system?
Where can I learn about CGI or Web programming in Perl?
Where can I learn about object-oriented Perl programming?
Where can I learn about linking C with Perl? [h2xs, xsubpp]
I’ve read perlembed, perlguts, etc., but I can’t embed perl in my C
program; what am I doing wrong?
When I tried to run my script, I got this message. What does it
mean?
What’s MakeMaker?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlfaq4 − Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.49 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 20:37:49 $)
DESCRIPTION
Data: Numbers

Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.9499999999999) instead of
the numbers I should be getting (eg, 19.95)?
Why isn’t my octal data interpreted correctly?
Does Perl have a round() function? What about ceil() and floor()?
Trig functions?
How do I convert bits into ints?
Why doesn’t & work the way I want it to?
How do I multiply matrices?
How do I perform an operation on a series of integers?
How can I output Roman numerals?
Why aren’t my random numbers random?

Data: Dates

How do I find the week-of-the-year/day-of-the-year?
How do I find the current century or millennium?
How can I compare two dates and find the difference?
How can I take a string and turn it into epoch seconds?
How can I find the Julian Day?
How do I find yesterday’s date?
Does Perl have a Year 2000 problem? Is Perl Y2K compliant?

Data: Strings

How do I validate input?
How do I unescape a string?
How do I remove consecutive pairs of characters?
How do I expand function calls in a string?
How do I find matching/nesting anything?
How do I reverse a string?
How do I expand tabs in a string?
How do I reformat a paragraph?
How can I access/change the first N letters of a string?
How do I change the Nth occurrence of something?
How can I count the number of occurrences of a substring within a
string?
How do I capitalize all the words on one line?
How can I split a [character] delimited string except when inside
[character]? (Comma-separated files)
How do I strip blank space from the beginning/end of a string?
How do I pad a string with blanks or pad a number with zeroes?
How do I extract selected columns from a string?
How do I find the soundex value of a string?
How can I expand variables in text strings?
What’s wrong with always quoting ""$vars""?
Why don’t my << HERE documents work?

1. There must be no space after the << part, 2. There (probably) should be a semicolon at the end, 3. You can’t (easily) have any space in front of the tag

Data: Arrays

What is the difference between a list and an array?
What is the difference between $array[1] and @array[1]?
How can I remove duplicate elements from a list or array?

a), b), c), d), e)

How can I tell whether a list or array contains a certain element?
How do I compute the difference of two arrays? How do I compute
the intersection of two arrays?
How do I test whether two arrays or hashes are equal?
How do I find the first array element for which a condition is
true?
How do I handle linked lists?
How do I handle circular lists?
How do I shuffle an array randomly?
How do I process/modify each element of an array?
How do I select a random element from an array?
How do I permute N elements of a list?
How do I sort an array by (anything)?
How do I manipulate arrays of bits?
Why does defined() return true on empty arrays and hashes?

Data: Hashes (Associative Arrays)

How do I process an entire hash?
What happens if I add or remove keys from a hash while iterating
over it?
How do I look up a hash element by value?
How can I know how many entries are in a hash?
How do I sort a hash (optionally by value instead of key)?
How can I always keep my hash sorted?
What’s the difference between ""delete"" and ""undef"" with hashes?
Why don’t my tied hashes make the defined/exists distinction?
How do I reset an each() operation part-way through?
How can I get the unique keys from two hashes?
How can I store a multidimensional array in a DBM file?
How can I make my hash remember the order I put elements into it?
Why does passing a subroutine an undefined element in a hash create
it?
How can I make the Perl equivalent of a C structure/C ++ class/hash
or array of hashes or arrays?
How can I use a reference as a hash key?

Data: Misc

How do I handle binary data correctly?
How do I determine whether a scalar is a
number/whole/integer/float?
How do I keep persistent data across program calls?
How do I print out or copy a recursive data structure?
How do I define methods for every class/object?
How do I verify a credit card checksum?
How do I pack arrays of doubles or floats for XS code?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlfaq5 − Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.38 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
DESCRIPTION

How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this?
How do I change one line in a file/delete a line in a file/insert a
line in the middle of a file/append to the beginning of a file?
How do I count the number of lines in a file?
How do I make a temporary file name?
How can I manipulate fixed-record-length files?
How can I make a filehandle local to a subroutine? How do I pass
filehandles between subroutines? How do I make an array of
filehandles?
How can I use a filehandle indirectly?
How can I set up a footer format to be used with write()?
How can I write() into a string?
How can I output my numbers with commas added?
How can I translate tildes (~) in a filename?
How come when I open a file read-write it wipes it out?
Why do I sometimes get an ""Argument list too long"" when I use
<*>?
Is there a leak/bug in glob()?
How can I open a file with a leading "">"" or trailing blanks?
How can I reliably rename a file?
How can I lock a file?
Why can’t I just open( FH , "">file.lock"")?
I still don’t get locking. I just want to increment the number in
the file. How can I do this?
How do I randomly update a binary file?
How do I get a file’s timestamp in perl?
How do I set a file’s timestamp in perl?
How do I print to more than one file at once?
How can I read in an entire file all at once?
How can I read in a file by paragraphs?
How can I read a single character from a file? From the keyboard?
How can I tell whether there’s a character waiting on a filehandle?
How do I do a ""tail −f"" in perl?
How do I dup() a filehandle in Perl?
How do I close a file descriptor by number?
Why can’t I use ""C:\temp\foo"" in DOS paths? What doesn’t
’C:\temp\foo.exe’ work?
Why doesn’t glob(""*.*"") get all the files?
Why does Perl let me delete read-only files? Why does ""−i""
clobber protected files? Isn’t this a bug in Perl?
How do I select a random line from a file?
Why do I get weird spaces when I print an array of lines?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlfaq6 − Regexes ($Revision: 1.27 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
DESCRIPTION

How can I hope to use regular expressions without creating
illegible and unmaintainable code?

Comments Outside the Regex, Comments Inside the Regex, Different Delimiters

I’m having trouble matching over more than one line. What’s wrong?
How can I pull out lines between two patterns that are themselves
on different lines?
I put a regular expression into $/ but it didn’t work. What’s
wrong?
How do I substitute case insensitively on the LHS while preserving
case on the RHS ?
How can I make ""\w"" match national character sets?
How can I match a locale-smart version of ""/[a−zA−Z]/""?
How can I quote a variable to use in a regex?
What is ""/o"" really for?
How do I use a regular expression to strip C style comments from a
file?
Can I use Perl regular expressions to match balanced text?
What does it mean that regexes are greedy? How can I get around
it?
How do I process each word on each line?
How can I print out a word-frequency or line-frequency summary?
How can I do approximate matching?
How do I efficiently match many regular expressions at once?
Why don’t word-boundary searches with ""\b"" work for me?
Why does using $&, $’, or $’ slow my program down?
What good is ""\G"" in a regular expression?
Are Perl regexes DFAs or NFAs? Are they POSIX compliant?
What’s wrong with using grep or map in a void context?
How can I match strings with multibyte characters?
How do I match a pattern that is supplied by the user?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlfaq7 − Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.28 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 20:36:18 $)
DESCRIPTION

Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language?
What are all these $@%&* punctuation signs, and how do I know when
to use them?
Do I always/never have to quote my strings or use semicolons and
commas?
How do I skip some return values?
How do I temporarily block warnings?
What’s an extension?
Why do Perl operators have different precedence than C operators?
How do I declare/create a structure?
How do I create a module?
How do I create a class?
How can I tell if a variable is tainted?
What’s a closure?
What is variable suicide and how can I prevent it?
How can I pass/return a {Function, FileHandle, Array, Hash, Method,
Regex}?

Passing Variables and Functions, Passing Filehandles, Passing Regexes, Passing Methods

How do I create a static variable?
What’s the difference between dynamic and lexical (static) scoping?
Between local() and my()?
How can I access a dynamic variable while a similarly named lexical
is in scope?
What’s the difference between deep and shallow binding?
Why doesn’t ""my($foo) = < FILE >;"" work right?
How do I redefine a builtin function, operator, or method?
What’s the difference between calling a function as &foo and foo()?
How do I create a switch or case statement?
How can I catch accesses to undefined variables/functions/methods?
Why can’t a method included in this same file be found?
How can I find out my current package?
How can I comment out a large block of perl code?
How do I clear a package?
How can I use a variable as a variable name?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlfaq8 − System Interaction ($Revision: 1.39 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 18:37:57 $)
DESCRIPTION

How do I find out which operating system I’m running under?
How come exec() doesn’t return?
How do I do fancy stuff with the keyboard/screen/mouse?

Keyboard, Screen, Mouse

How do I print something out in color?
How do I read just one key without waiting for a return key?
How do I check whether input is ready on the keyboard?
How do I clear the screen?
How do I get the screen size?
How do I ask the user for a password?
How do I read and write the serial port?

lockfiles, open mode, end of line, flushing output, non-blocking input

How do I decode encrypted password files?
How do I start a process in the background?

STDIN , STDOUT , and STDERR are shared, Signals, Zombies

How do I trap control characters/signals?
How do I modify the shadow password file on a Unix system?
How do I set the time and date?
How can I sleep() or alarm() for under a second?
How can I measure time under a second?
How can I do an atexit() or setjmp()/longjmp()? (Exception
handling)
Why doesn’t my sockets program work under System V (Solaris)? What
does the error message ""Protocol not supported"" mean?
How can I call my system’s unique C functions from Perl?
Where do I get the include files to do ioctl() or syscall()?
Why do setuid perl scripts complain about kernel problems?
How can I open a pipe both to and from a command?
Why can’t I get the output of a command with system()?
How can I capture STDERR from an external command?
Why doesn’t open() return an error when a pipe open fails?
What’s wrong with using backticks in a void context?
How can I call backticks without shell processing?
Why can’t my script read from STDIN after I gave it EOF (^D on
Unix, ^Z on MS-DOS )?
How can I convert my shell script to perl?
Can I use perl to run a telnet or ftp session?
How can I write expect in Perl?
Is there a way to hide perl’s command line from programs such as
""ps""?
I {changed directory, modified my environment} in a perl

How come the change disappeared when I exited the script?

script.

How do I get my changes to be visible?

Unix

How do I close a process’s filehandle without waiting for it to
complete?
How do I fork a daemon process?
How do I find out if I’m running interactively or not?
How do I timeout a slow event?
How do I set CPU limits?
How do I avoid zombies on a Unix system?
How do I use an SQL database?
How do I make a system() exit on control-C?
How do I open a file without blocking?
How do I install a module from CPAN ?
What’s the difference between require and use?
How do I keep my own module/library directory?
How do I add the directory my program lives in to the
module/library search path?
How do I add a directory to my include path at runtime?
What is socket.ph and where do I get it?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlfaq9 − Networking ($Revision: 1.26 $, $Date: 1999/05/23 16:08:30 $)
DESCRIPTION

My CGI script runs from the command line but not the browser. (500
Server Error)
How can I get better error messages from a CGI program?
How do I remove HTML from a string?
How do I extract URLs?
How do I download a file from the user’s machine? How do I open a
file on another machine?
How do I make a pop-up menu in HTML ?
How do I fetch an HTML file?
How do I automate an HTML form submission?
How do I decode or create those %−encodings on the web?
How do I redirect to another page?
How do I put a password on my web pages?
How do I edit my .htpasswd and .htgroup files with Perl?
How do I make sure users can’t enter values into a form that cause
my CGI script to do bad things?
How do I parse a mail header?
How do I decode a CGI form?
How do I check a valid mail address?
How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
How do I return the user’s mail address?
How do I send mail?
How do I use MIME to make an attachment to a mail message?
How do I read mail?
How do I find out my hostname/domainname/IP address?
How do I fetch a news article or the active newsgroups?
How do I fetch/put an FTP file?
How can I do RPC in Perl?

AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT

perlcompile − Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
DESCRIPTION

Layout

B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Lint, B::Deparse, B::Xref

Using The Back Ends

The Cross Referencing Back End

i, &, s, r

The Decompiling Back End
The Lint Back End
The Simple C Back End
The Bytecode Back End
The Optimized C Back End

B, O, B::Asmdata, B::Assembler, B::Bblock, B::Bytecode, B::C, B::CC, B::Debug, B::Deparse, B::Disassembler, B::Lint, B::Showlex, B::Stackobj, B::Stash, B::Terse, B::Xref

KNOWN PROBLEMS
AUTHOR

perlembed − how to embed perl in your C program
DESCRIPTION

PREAMBLE

Use C from Perl?, Use a Unix program from Perl?, Use Perl from Perl?, Use C from C?, Use Perl from C?

ROADMAP
Compiling your C program
Adding a Perl interpreter to your C program
Calling a Perl subroutine from your C program
Evaluating a Perl statement from your C program
Performing Perl pattern matches and substitutions from your C
program
Fiddling with the Perl stack from your C program
Maintaining a persistent interpreter
Maintaining multiple interpreter instances
Using Perl modules, which themselves use C libraries, from your C
program

Embedding Perl under Win32
MORAL
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

perldebguts − Guts of Perl debugging
DESCRIPTION
Debugger Internals

Writing Your Own Debugger

Frame Listing Output Examples
Debugging regular expressions

Compile-time output

"anchored" STRING "at" POS , "floating" STRING "at" POS1 ..POS2, "matching floating/anchored", "minlen", "stclass" TYPE , "noscan", "isall", "GPOS", "plus", "implicit", "with eval", "anchored(TYPE)"

Types of nodes
Run-time output

Debugging Perl memory usage

Using ""$ENV{PERL_DEBUG_MSTATS}""

"buckets SMALLEST(APPROX)..GREATEST(APPROX)", Free/Used, "Total sbrk(): SBRKed/SBRKs:CONTINUOUS", "pad: 0", "heads: 2192", "chain: 0", "tail: 6144"

Example of using −DL switch

"717", "002", "054", "602", "702", "704"

−DL details

"!!!", "!!", "!"

Limitations of −DL statistics

SEE ALSO

perlxstut, perlXStut − Tutorial for writing XSUBs
DESCRIPTION
SPECIAL NOTES

make
Version caveat
Dynamic Loading versus Static Loading

TUTORIAL

EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
What has gone on?
Writing good test scripts
EXAMPLE 3
What’s new here?
Input and Output Parameters
The XSUBPP Program
The TYPEMAP file
Warning about Output Arguments
EXAMPLE 4
What has happened here?
Anatomy of .xs file
Getting the fat out of XSUBs
More about XSUB arguments
The Argument Stack
Extending your Extension
Documenting your Extension
Installing your Extension
EXAMPLE 5
New Things in this Example
EXAMPLE 6
New Things in this Example
EXAMPLE 7 (Coming Soon)
EXAMPLE 8 (Coming Soon)
EXAMPLE 9 (Coming Soon)
Troubleshooting these Examples

SEE ALSO

perlguts − Introduction to the Perl API
DESCRIPTION
Variables

Datatypes
What is an "" IV ""?
Working with SVs
Offsets
What’s Really Stored in an SV ?
Working with AVs
Working with HVs
Hash API Extensions
References
Blessed References and Class Objects
Creating New Variables
Reference Counts and Mortality
Stashes and Globs
Double-Typed SVs
Magic Variables
Assigning Magic
Magic Virtual Tables
Finding Magic
Understanding the Magic of Tied Hashes and Arrays
Localizing changes

"SAVEINT(int i)", "SAVEIV(IV i)", "SAVEI32(I32 i)", "SAVELONG(long i)", "SAVESPTR(s)", "SAVEPPTR(p)", "SAVEFREESV(SV *sv)", "SAVEMORTALIZESV(SV *sv)", "SAVEFREEOP(OP *op)", "SAVEFREEPV(p)", "SAVECLEARSV(SV *sv)", "SAVEDELETE(HV *hv, char *key, I32 length)", "SAVEDESTRUCTOR(DESTRUCTORFUNC_NOCONTEXT_t f, void *p)", "SAVEDESTRUCTOR_X(DESTRUCTORFUNC_t f, void *p)", "SAVESTACK_POS()", "SV* save_scalar(GV *gv)", "AV* save_ary(GV *gv)", "HV* save_hash(GV *gv)", "void save_item(SV *item)", "void save_list(SV **sarg, I32 maxsarg)", "SV* save_svref(SV **sptr)", "void save_aptr(AV **aptr)", "void save_hptr(HV **hptr)"

Subroutines

XSUBs and the Argument Stack
Calling Perl Routines from within C Programs
Memory Allocation
PerlIO
Putting a C value on Perl stack
Scratchpads
Scratchpads and recursion

Compiled code

Code tree
Examining the tree
Compile pass 1: check routines
Compile pass 1a: constant folding
Compile pass 2: context propagation
Compile pass 3: peephole optimization

Examining internal data structures with the ""dump"" functions
How multiple interpreters and concurrency are supported

Background and PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT
So what happened to dTHR?
How do I use all this in extensions?
Should I do anything special if I call perl from multiple threads?
Future Plans and PERL_IMPLICIT_SYS

Internal Functions

A, p, d, s, n, r, f, M, o, j, x
Formatted Printing of IVs, UVs, and NVs
Pointer-To-Integer and Integer-To-Pointer
Source Documentation

Unicode Support

What is Unicode, anyway?
How can I recognise a UTF8 string?
How does UTF8 represent Unicode characters?
How does Perl store UTF8 strings?
How do I convert a string to UTF8 ?
Is there anything else I need to know?

AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

perlcall − Perl calling conventions from C
DESCRIPTION

An Error Handler, An Event Driven Program

THE CALL_ FUNCTIONS

call_sv, call_pv, call_method, call_argv

FLAG VALUES

G_VOID
G_SCALAR
G_ARRAY
G_DISCARD
G_NOARGS
G_EVAL
G_KEEPERR
Determining the Context

KNOWN PROBLEMS
EXAMPLES

No Parameters, Nothing returned
Passing Parameters
Returning a Scalar
Returning a list of values
Returning a list in a scalar context
Returning Data from Perl via the parameter list
Using G_EVAL
Using G_KEEPERR
Using call_sv
Using call_argv
Using call_method
Using GIMME_V
Using Perl to dispose of temporaries
Strategies for storing Callback Context Information

1. Ignore the problem − Allow only 1 callback, 2. Create a sequence of callbacks − hard wired limit, 3. Use a parameter to map to the Perl callback

Alternate Stack Manipulation
Creating and calling an anonymous subroutine in C

SEE ALSO

perlfilter − Source Filters
DESCRIPTION
CONCEPTS
USING FILTERS
WRITING A SOURCE FILTER
WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN C

Decryption Filters

CREATING A SOURCE FILTER AS A SEPARATE EXECUTABLE
WRITING A SOURCE FILTER IN PERL
USING CONTEXT: THE DEBUG FILTER
CONCLUSION
REQUIREMENTS
AUTHOR
Copyrights

perldbmfilter − Perl DBM Filters
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

filter_store_key, filter_store_value, filter_fetch_key, filter_fetch_value
The Filter
An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
Another Example -- Key is a C int.

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

perlapi − autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
DESCRIPTION

AvFILL, av_clear, av_delete, av_exists, av_extend, av_fetch, av_fill, av_len, av_make, av_pop, av_push, av_shift, av_store, av_undef, av_unshift, bytes_from_utf8, bytes_to_utf8, call_argv, call_method, call_pv, call_sv, CLASS , Copy, croak, CvSTASH, dMARK, dORIGMARK, dSP, dXSARGS, dXSI32, ENTER , eval_pv, eval_sv, EXTEND , fbm_compile, fbm_instr, FREETMPS , get_av, get_cv, get_hv, get_sv, GIMME , GIMME_V , GvSV, gv_fetchmeth, gv_fetchmethod, gv_fetchmethod_autoload, gv_stashpv, gv_stashsv, G_ARRAY, G_DISCARD, G_EVAL, G_NOARGS, G_SCALAR, G_VOID, HEf_SVKEY, HeHASH, HeKEY, HeKLEN, HePV, HeSVKEY, HeSVKEY_force, HeSVKEY_set, HeVAL, HvNAME, hv_clear, hv_delete, hv_delete_ent, hv_exists, hv_exists_ent, hv_fetch, hv_fetch_ent, hv_iterinit, hv_iterkey, hv_iterkeysv, hv_iternext, hv_iternextsv, hv_iterval, hv_magic, hv_store, hv_store_ent, hv_undef, isALNUM, isALPHA, isDIGIT, isLOWER, isSPACE, isUPPER, is_utf8_char, is_utf8_string, items, ix, LEAVE , looks_like_number, MARK , mg_clear, mg_copy, mg_find, mg_free, mg_get, mg_length, mg_magical, mg_set, Move, New, newAV, Newc, newCONSTSUB, newHV, newRV_inc, newRV_noinc, NEWSV , newSViv, newSVnv, newSVpv, newSVpvf, newSVpvn, newSVrv, newSVsv, newSVuv, newXS, newXSproto, Newz, Nullav, Nullch, Nullcv, Nullhv, Nullsv, ORIGMARK , perl_alloc, perl_construct, perl_destruct, perl_free, perl_parse, perl_run, PL_modglobal, PL_na, PL_sv_no, PL_sv_undef, PL_sv_yes, POPi, POPl, POPn, POPp, POPs, PUSHi, PUSHMARK , PUSHn, PUSHp, PUSHs, PUSHu, PUTBACK , Renew, Renewc, require_pv, RETVAL , Safefree, savepv, savepvn, SAVETMPS , SP , SPAGAIN , ST , strEQ, strGE, strGT, strLE, strLT, strNE, strnEQ, strnNE, StructCopy, SvCUR, SvCUR_set, SvEND, SvGETMAGIC, SvGROW, SvIOK, SvIOKp, SvIOK_notUV, SvIOK_off, SvIOK_on, SvIOK_only, SvIOK_only_UV, SvIOK_UV, SvIV, SvIVX, SvLEN, SvNIOK, SvNIOKp, SvNIOK_off, SvNOK, SvNOKp, SvNOK_off, SvNOK_on, SvNOK_only, SvNV, SvNVX, SvOK, SvOOK, SvPOK, SvPOKp, SvPOK_off, SvPOK_on, SvPOK_only, SvPOK_only_UTF8, SvPV, SvPVX, SvPV_force, SvPV_nolen, SvREFCNT, SvREFCNT_dec, SvREFCNT_inc, SvROK, SvROK_off, SvROK_on, SvRV, SvSETMAGIC, SvSetSV, SvSetSV_nosteal, SvSTASH, SvTAINT, SvTAINTED, SvTAINTED_off, SvTAINTED_on, SvTRUE, svtype, SvTYPE, SVt_IV, SVt_NV, SVt_PV, SVt_PVAV, SVt_PVCV, SVt_PVHV, SVt_PVMG, SvUPGRADE, SvUTF8, SvUTF8_off, SvUTF8_on, SvUV, SvUVX, sv_2mortal, sv_bless, sv_catpv, sv_catpvf, sv_catpvf_mg, sv_catpvn, sv_catpvn_mg, sv_catpv_mg, sv_catsv, sv_catsv_mg, sv_chop, sv_clear, sv_cmp, sv_cmp_locale, sv_dec, sv_derived_from, sv_eq, sv_free, sv_gets, sv_grow, sv_inc, sv_insert, sv_isa, sv_isobject, sv_len, sv_len_utf8, sv_magic, sv_mortalcopy, sv_newmortal, sv_pvn_force, sv_pvutf8n_force, sv_reftype, sv_replace, sv_rvweaken, sv_setiv, sv_setiv_mg, sv_setnv, sv_setnv_mg, sv_setpv, sv_setpvf, sv_setpvf_mg, sv_setpviv, sv_setpviv_mg, sv_setpvn, sv_setpvn_mg, sv_setpv_mg, sv_setref_iv, sv_setref_nv, sv_setref_pv, sv_setref_pvn, sv_setsv, sv_setsv_mg, sv_setuv, sv_setuv_mg, sv_true, sv_unmagic, sv_unref, sv_upgrade, sv_usepvn, sv_usepvn_mg, sv_utf8_downgrade, sv_utf8_encode, sv_utf8_upgrade, sv_vcatpvfn, sv_vsetpvfn, THIS , toLOWER, toUPPER, utf8_distance, utf8_hop, utf8_length, utf8_to_bytes, utf8_to_uv, utf8_to_uv_simple, uv_to_utf8, warn, XPUSHi, XPUSHn, XPUSHp, XPUSHs, XPUSHu, XS , XSRETURN , XSRETURN_EMPTY , XSRETURN_IV , XSRETURN_NO , XSRETURN_NV , XSRETURN_PV , XSRETURN_UNDEF , XSRETURN_YES , XST_mIV, XST_mNO, XST_mNV, XST_mPV, XST_mUNDEF, XST_mYES, XS_VERSION , XS_VERSION_BOOTCHECK , Zero

AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

perlintern − autogenerated documentation of purely internal Perl functions
DESCRIPTION

is_gv_magical, LVRET , PL_DBsingle, PL_DBsub, PL_DBtrace, PL_dowarn, PL_last_in_gv, PL_ofs_sv, PL_rs

AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

perlapio − perl’s IO abstraction interface.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

PerlIO *, PerlIO_stdin(), PerlIO_stdout(), PerlIO_stderr(), PerlIO_open(path, mode), PerlIO_fdopen(fd,mode), PerlIO_printf(f,fmt,...), PerlIO_vprintf(f,fmt,a), PerlIO_stdoutf(fmt,...), PerlIO_read(f,buf,count), PerlIO_write(f,buf,count), PerlIO_close(f), PerlIO_puts(f,s), PerlIO_putc(f,c), PerlIO_ungetc(f,c), PerlIO_getc(f), PerlIO_eof(f), PerlIO_error(f), PerlIO_fileno(f), PerlIO_clearerr(f), PerlIO_flush(f), PerlIO_tell(f), PerlIO_seek(f,o,w), PerlIO_getpos(f,p), PerlIO_setpos(f,p), PerlIO_rewind(f), PerlIO_tmpfile()
Co-existence with stdio

PerlIO_importFILE(f,flags), PerlIO_exportFILE(f,flags), PerlIO_findFILE(f), PerlIO_releaseFILE(p,f), PerlIO_setlinebuf(f), PerlIO_has_cntptr(f), PerlIO_get_ptr(f), PerlIO_get_cnt(f), PerlIO_canset_cnt(f), PerlIO_fast_gets(f), PerlIO_set_ptrcnt(f,p,c), PerlIO_set_cnt(f,c), PerlIO_has_base(f), PerlIO_get_base(f), PerlIO_get_bufsiz(f)

perltodo − Perl TO-DO List
DESCRIPTION
Infrastructure

Mailing list archives
Bug tracking system
Regression Tests

Coverage, Regression, __DIE__, suidperl, The 25% slowdown from perl4 to perl5

Configure

Install HTML

Perl Language

64−bit Perl
Prototypes

Named prototypes, Indirect objects, Method calls, Context, Scoped subs

Perl Internals

magic_setisa
Garbage Collection
Reliable signals

Alternate runops() for signal despatch, Figure out how to die() in delayed sighandler, Add tests for Thread::Signal, Automatic tests against CPAN

Interpolated regex performance bugs
Memory leaks from failed eval/regcomp
Make XS easier to use
Make embedded Perl easier to use
Namespace cleanup
MULTIPLICITY
MacPerl

Documentation

A clear division into tutorial and reference
Remove the artificial distinction between operators and functions
More tutorials

Regular expressions, I/O, pack/unpack, Debugging

Include a search tool
Include a locate tool
Separate function manpages by default
Users can’t find the manpages
Install ALL Documentation
Outstanding issues to be documented
Adapt www.linuxhq.com for Perl
Replace man with a perl program
Unicode tutorial

Modules

Update the POSIX extension to conform with the POSIX 1003.1 Edition
2
Module versions
New modules
Profiler
Tie Modules

VecArray, SubstrArray, VirtualArray, ShiftSplice

Procedural options

RPC

y2k localtime/gmtime
Export File::Find variables
Ioctl
Debugger attach/detach
Regular Expression debugger
Alternative RE Syntax
Bundled modules
Expect
GUI: :Native
Update semibroken auxiliary tools; h2ph, a2p, etc.
pod2html
Podchecker

Tom’s Wishes

Webperl
Mobile agents
POSIX on non-POSIX
Portable installations

Win32 Stuff

Rename new headers to be consistent with the rest
Sort out the spawnvp() mess
Work out DLL versioning
Style-check

Would be nice to have

"pack "(stuff)*"", Contiguous bitfields in pack/unpack, lexperl, Bundled perl preprocessor, Use posix calls internally where possible, format BOTTOM , −i rename file only when successfully changed, All ARGV input should act like <>, report HANDLE [formats], support in perlmain to rerun debugger, lvalue functions

Possible pragmas

’less’

Optimizations

constant function cache
foreach(reverse...)
Cache eval tree
rcatmaybe
Shrink opcode tables
Cache hash value
Optimize away @_ where possible
Optimize sort by { $a <=> $b }
Rewrite regexp parser for better integrated optimization

Vague possibilities

ref function in list context, make tr/// return histogram in list context?, Loop control on do{} et al, Explicit switch statements, compile to real threaded code, structured types, Modifiable $1 et al

To Do Or Not To Do

Making my() work on ""package"" variables
""or"" testing defined not truth
""dynamic"" lexicals
""class""−based, rather than package-based ""lexicals""

Threading

Modules
Testing
$AUTOLOAD
exit/die
External threads
Thread::Pool
thread-safety
Per-thread GVs

Compiler

Optimization
Byteperl
Precompiled modules
Executables
Typed lexicals
Win32
END blocks
_AUTOLOAD
comppadlist
Cached compilation

Recently Finished Tasks

Figure a way out of $^(capital letter)
Filenames
Foreign lines
Namespace cleanup
ISA .pm
gettimeofday
autocroak?

perlhack − How to hack at the Perl internals
DESCRIPTION

Does concept match the general goals of Perl?, Where is the implementation?, Backwards compatibility, Could it be a module instead?, Is the feature generic enough?, Does it potentially introduce new bugs?, Does it preclude other desirable features?, Is the implementation robust?, Is the implementation generic enough to be portable?, Is there enough documentation?, Is there another way to do it?, Does it create too much work?, Patches speak louder than words
Keeping in sync

rsync’ing the source tree, Using rsync over the LAN , Using pushing over the NFS , rsync’ing the patches

Why rsync the source tree

It’s easier, It’s more recent, It’s more reliable

Why rsync the patches

It’s easier, It’s a good reference, Finding a start point, Finding how to fix a bug, Finding the source of misbehaviour

Submitting patches

the perlguts manpage, the perlxstut manpage and the perlxs manpage, the perlapi manpage, Porting/pumpkin.pod, The perl5−porters FAQ

Finding Your Way Around

Core modules, Documentation, Configure, Interpreter

Elements of the interpreter

Startup, Parsing, Optimization, Running

Internal Variable Types
Op Trees
Stacks

Argument stack, Mark stack, Save stack

Millions of Macros
Poking at Perl
Using a source-level debugger

run [args], break function_name, break source.c:xxx, step, next, continue, finish, ’enter’, print

Dumping Perl Data Structures
Patching

EXTERNAL TOOLS FOR DEBUGGING PERL

Rational Software’s Purify
Purify on Unix

−Accflags=−DPURIFY, −Doptimize=’−g’, −Uusemymalloc, −Dusemultiplicity

Purify on NT

DEFINES , USE_MULTI = define, #PERL_MALLOC = define, CFG = Debug

CONCLUSION

The Road goes ever on and on, down from the door where it began.

AUTHOR

perlhist − the Perl history records
DESCRIPTION
INTRODUCTION
THE KEEPERS OF THE PUMPKIN

PUMPKIN ?

THE RECORDS

SELECTED RELEASE SIZES
SELECTED PATCH SIZES

THE KEEPERS OF THE RECORDS

perldelta − what’s new for perl v5.6
DESCRIPTION
Summary of changes between 5.6.0 and 5.6.1

Security Issues
Core bug fixes

"UNIVERSAL::isa()", Memory leaks, Numeric conversions, qw(a\\b), caller(), Bugs in regular expressions, "slurp" mode, Autovivification of symbolic references to special variables, Lexical warnings, Spurious warnings and errors, glob(), Tainting, sort(), #line directives, Subroutine prototypes, map(), Debugger, Locales, PERL5OPT , chop(), Unicode support, 64−bit support, Compiler, Lvalue subroutines, IO: :Socket, File::Find, xsubpp, "no Module;", Tests

Core features
Configuration issues
Documentation
Bundled modules

B::Concise, File::Temp, Pod::LaTeX, Pod::Text::Overstrike, CGI , CPAN , Class::Struct, DB_File, Devel::Peek, File::Find, Getopt::Long, IO: :Poll, IPC: :Open3, Math::BigFloat, Math::Complex, Net::Ping, Opcode, Pod::Parser, Pod::Text, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Tie::RefHash, Tie::SubstrHash

Platform-specific improvements

NCR MP-RAS , NonStop-UX

Interpreter cloning, threads, and concurrency
Lexically scoped warning categories
Unicode and UTF-8 support
Support for interpolating named characters
""our"" declarations
Support for strings represented as a vector of ordinals
Improved Perl version numbering system
New syntax for declaring subroutine attributes
File and directory handles can be autovivified
open() with more than two arguments
64−bit support
Large file support
Long doubles
""more bits""
Enhanced support for sort() subroutines ""sort $coderef @foo"" allowed
File globbing implemented internally
Support for CHECK blocks
POSIX character class syntax [: :] supported
Better pseudo-random number generator
Improved ""qw//"" operator
Better worst-case behavior of hashes
pack() format ’Z’ supported
pack() format modifier ’!’ supported
pack() and unpack() support counted strings
Comments in pack() templates
Weak references
Binary numbers supported
Lvalue subroutines
Some arrows may be omitted in calls through references
Boolean assignment operators are legal lvalues
exists() is supported on subroutine names
exists() and delete() are supported on array elements
Pseudo-hashes work better
Automatic flushing of output buffers
Better diagnostics on meaningless filehandle operations
Where possible, buffered data discarded from duped input filehandle
eof() has the same old magic as <>
binmode() can be used to set :crlf and :raw modes ""−T"" filetest recognizes UTF-8 encoded files as ""text""
system(), backticks and pipe open now reflect exec() failure
Improved diagnostics
Diagnostics follow STDERR
More consistent close-on-exec behavior
syswrite() ease-of-use
Better syntax checks on parenthesized unary operators
Bit operators support full native integer width
Improved security features
More functional bareword prototype (*) ""require"" and ""do"" may be overridden
$^X variables may now have names longer than one character
New variable $^C reflects ""−c"" switch
New variable $^V contains Perl version as a string
Optional Y2K warnings
Arrays now always interpolate into double-quoted strings

Modules and Pragmata

Modules

attributes, B, Benchmark, ByteLoader, constant, charnames, Data::Dumper, DB , DB_File, Devel::DProf, Devel::Peek, Dumpvalue, DynaLoader, English, Env, Fcntl, File::Compare, File::Find, File::Glob, File::Spec, File::Spec::Functions, Getopt::Long, IO , JPL , lib, Math::BigInt, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, Pod::Parser, Pod::InputObjects, Pod::Checker, podchecker, Pod::ParseUtils, Pod::Find, Pod::Select, podselect, Pod::Usage, pod2usage, Pod::Text and Pod::Man, SDBM_File, Sys::Syslog, Sys::Hostname, Term::ANSIColor, Time::Local, Win32, XSLoader, DBM Filters

Pragmata

Utility Changes

dprofpp
find2perl
h2xs
perlcc
perldoc
The Perl Debugger

Improved Documentation

perlapi.pod, perlboot.pod, perlcompile.pod, perldbmfilter.pod, perldebug.pod, perldebguts.pod, perlfork.pod, perlfilter.pod, perlhack.pod, perlintern.pod, perllexwarn.pod, perlnumber.pod, perlopentut.pod, perlreftut.pod, perltootc.pod, perltodo.pod, perlunicode.pod

Performance enhancements

Simple sort() using { $a <=> $b } and the like are optimized
Optimized assignments to lexical variables
Faster subroutine calls
delete(), each(), values() and hash iteration are faster

Installation and Configuration Improvements

−Dusethreads means something different
New Configure flags
Threadedness and 64−bitness now more daring
Long Doubles
−Dusemorebits
−Duselargefiles
installusrbinperl
SOCKS support ""−A"" flag
Enhanced Installation Directories
gcc automatically tried if ’cc’ does not seem to be working

Platform specific changes

Supported platforms

DOS

OS390 (OpenEdition MVS )

VMS

Win32

Significant bug fixes

< HANDLE > on empty files ""eval ’...’"" improvements
All compilation errors are true errors
Implicitly closed filehandles are safer
Behavior of list slices is more consistent ""(\$)"" prototype and ""$foo{a}"" ""goto &sub"" and AUTOLOAD ""−bareword"" allowed under ""use integer""
Failures in DESTROY()
Locale bugs fixed
Memory leaks
Spurious subroutine stubs after failed subroutine calls
Taint failures under ""−U""
END blocks and the ""−c"" switch
Potential to leak DATA filehandles

New or Changed Diagnostics

"%s" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same %s, "my sub" not yet implemented, "our" variable %s redeclared, ’!’ allowed only after types %s, / cannot take a count, / must be followed by a, A or Z, / must be followed by a*, A* or Z*, / must follow a numeric type, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, /%s/: Unrecognized escape \\%c in character class passed through, /%s/ should probably be written as "%s", %s() called too early to check prototype, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element, %s argument is not a HASH or ARRAY element or slice, %s argument is not a subroutine name, %s package attribute may clash with future reserved word: %s, (in cleanup) %s, <> should be quotes, Attempt to join self, Bad evalled substitution pattern, Bad realloc() ignored, Bareword found in conditional, Binary number > 0b11111111111111111111111111111111 non-portable, Bit vector size > 32 non-portable, Buffer overflow in prime_env_iter: %s, Can’t check filesystem of script "%s", Can’t declare class for non-scalar %s in "%s", Can’t declare %s in "%s", Can’t ignore signal CHLD , forcing to default, Can’t modify non-lvalue subroutine call, Can’t read CRTL environ, Can’t remove %s: %s, skipping file, Can’t return %s from lvalue subroutine, Can’t weaken a nonreference, Character class [:%s:] unknown, Character class syntax [%s] belongs inside character classes, Constant is not %s reference, constant(%s): %s, CORE: :%s is not a keyword, defined(@array) is deprecated, defined(%hash) is deprecated, Did not produce a valid header, (Did you mean "local" instead of "our"?), Document contains no data, entering effective %s failed, false [] range "%s" in regexp, Filehandle %s opened only for output, flock() on closed filehandle %s, Global symbol "%s" requires explicit package name, Hexadecimal number > 0xffffffff non-portable, Ill-formed CRTL environ value "%s", Ill-formed message in prime_env_iter: ⎪%s⎪, Illegal binary digit %s, Illegal binary digit %s ignored, Illegal number of bits in vec, Integer overflow in %s number, Invalid %s attribute: %s, Invalid %s attributes: %s, invalid [] range "%s" in regexp, Invalid separator character %s in attribute list, Invalid separator character %s in subroutine attribute list, leaving effective %s failed, Lvalue subs returning %s not implemented yet, Method %s not permitted, Missing %sbrace%s on \N{}, Missing command in piped open, Missing name in "my sub", No %s specified for −%c, No package name allowed for variable %s in "our", No space allowed after −%c, no UTC offset information; assuming local time is UTC , Octal number > 037777777777 non-portable, panic: del_backref, panic: kid popen errno read, panic: magic_killbackrefs, Parentheses missing around "%s" list, Possible unintended interpolation of %s in string, Possible Y2K bug: %s, pragma "attrs" is deprecated, use "sub NAME : ATTRS " instead, Premature end of script headers, Repeat count in pack overflows, Repeat count in unpack overflows, realloc() of freed memory ignored, Reference is already weak, setpgrp can’t take arguments, Strange *+?{} on zero-length expression, switching effective %s is not implemented, This Perl can’t reset CRTL environ elements (%s), This Perl can’t set CRTL environ elements (%s=%s), Too late to run %s block, Unknown open() mode ’%s’, Unknown process %x sent message to prime_env_iter: %s, Unrecognized escape \\%c passed through, Unterminated attribute parameter in attribute list, Unterminated attribute list, Unterminated attribute parameter in subroutine attribute list, Unterminated subroutine attribute list, Value of CLI symbol "%s" too long, Version number must be a constant number

New tests
Incompatible Changes

Perl Source Incompatibilities

CHECK is a new keyword, Treatment of list slices of undef has changed, Format of $English::PERL_VERSION is different, Literals of the form "1.2.3" parse differently, Possibly changed pseudo-random number generator, Hashing function for hash keys has changed, "undef" fails on read only values, Close-on-exec bit may be set on pipe and socket handles, Writing ""$$1"" to mean ""${$}1"" is unsupported, delete(), each(), values() and "\(%h)", vec( EXPR ,OFFSET,BITS) enforces powers-of-two BITS , Text of some diagnostic output has changed, "%@" has been removed, Parenthesized not() behaves like a list operator, Semantics of bareword prototype "(*)" have changed, Semantics of bit operators may have changed on 64−bit platforms, More builtins taint their results

C Source Incompatibilities

"PERL_POLLUTE", "PERL_IMPLICIT_CONTEXT", "PERL_POLLUTE_MALLOC"

Compatible C Source API Changes

"PATCHLEVEL" is now "PERL_VERSION"

Binary Incompatibilities

Known Problems

Localizing a tied hash element may leak memory
Known test failures

64−bit builds, Failure of Thread tests, NEXTSTEP 3.3 POSIX test failure, Tru64 (aka Digital UNIX , aka DEC OSF/1 ) lib/sdbm test failure with gcc

EBCDIC platforms not fully supported
UNICOS/mk CC failures during Configure run
Arrow operator and arrays
Experimental features

Threads, Unicode, 64−bit support, Lvalue subroutines, Weak references, The pseudo-hash data type, The Compiler suite, Internal implementation of file globbing, The DB module, The regular expression code constructs:

Obsolete Diagnostics

Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Ill-formed logical name ⎪%s⎪ in prime_env_iter, In string, @%s now must be written as \@%s, Probable precedence problem on %s, regexp too big, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated

Reporting Bugs
SEE ALSO
HISTORY

perl5005delta, perldelta − what’s new for perl5.005
DESCRIPTION
About the new versioning system
Incompatible Changes

WARNING: This version is not binary compatible with Perl 5.004.
Default installation structure has changed
Perl Source Compatibility
C Source Compatibility
Binary Compatibility
Security fixes may affect compatibility
Relaxed new mandatory warnings introduced in 5.004
Licensing

Core Changes

Threads
Compiler
Regular Expressions

Many new and improved optimizations, Many bug fixes, New regular expression constructs, New operator for precompiled regular expressions, Other improvements, Incompatible changes

Improved malloc()
Quicksort is internally implemented
Reliable signals
Reliable stack pointers
More generous treatment of carriage returns
Memory leaks
Better support for multiple interpreters
Behavior of local() on array and hash elements is now well-defined ""%!"" is transparently tied to the the Errno manpage module
Pseudo-hashes are supported ""EXPR foreach EXPR"" is supported
Keywords can be globally overridden ""$^E"" is meaningful on Win32 ""foreach (1..1000000)"" optimized ""Foo::"" can be used as implicitly quoted package name ""exists $Foo::{Bar::}"" tests existence of a package
Better locale support
Experimental support for 64−bit platforms
prototype() returns useful results on builtins
Extended support for exception handling
Re-blessing in DESTROY() supported for chaining DESTROY() methods
All ""printf"" format conversions are handled internally
New ""INIT"" keyword
New ""lock"" keyword
New ""qr//"" operator ""our"" is now a reserved word
Tied arrays are now fully supported
Tied handles support is better
4th argument to substr
Negative LENGTH argument to splice
Magic lvalues are now more magical
<> now reads in records

Supported Platforms

New Platforms
Changes in existing support

Modules and Pragmata

New Modules

B, Data::Dumper, Dumpvalue, Errno, File::Spec, ExtUtils::Installed, ExtUtils::Packlist, Fatal, IPC: :SysV, Test, Tie::Array, Tie::Handle, Thread, attrs, fields, re

Changes in existing modules

Benchmark, Carp, CGI , Fcntl, Math::Complex, Math::Trig, POSIX , DB_File, MakeMaker, CPAN , Cwd

Utility Changes
Documentation Changes
New Diagnostics

Ambiguous call resolved as CORE: :%s(), qualify as such or use &, Bad index while coercing array into hash, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can’t call method "%s" on an undefined value, Can’t check filesystem of script "%s" for nosuid, Can’t coerce array into hash, Can’t goto subroutine from an eval-string, Can’t localize pseudo-hash element, Can’t use %%! because Errno.pm is not available, Cannot find an opnumber for "%s", Character class syntax [. .] is reserved for future extensions, Character class syntax [: :] is reserved for future extensions, Character class syntax [= =] is reserved for future extensions, %s: Eval-group in insecure regular expression, %s: Eval-group not allowed, use re ’eval’, %s: Eval-group not allowed at run time, Explicit blessing to ’’ (assuming package main), Illegal hex digit ignored, No such array field, No such field "%s" in variable %s of type %s, Out of memory during ridiculously large request, Range iterator outside integer range, Recursive inheritance detected while looking for method ’%s’ %s, Reference found where even-sized list expected, Undefined value assigned to typeglob, Use of reserved word "%s" is deprecated, perl: warning: Setting locale failed

Obsolete Diagnostics

Can’t mktemp(), Can’t write to temp file for −e: %s, Cannot open temporary file, regexp too big

Configuration Changes
BUGS
SEE ALSO
HISTORY

perl5004delta, perldelta − what’s new for perl5.004
DESCRIPTION
Supported Environments
Core Changes

List assignment to %ENV works
Change to ""Can’t locate Foo.pm in @INC"" error
Compilation option: Binary compatibility with 5.003
$PERL5OPT environment variable
Limitations on −M, −m, and −T options
More precise warnings
Deprecated: Inherited ""AUTOLOAD"" for non-methods
Previously deprecated %OVERLOAD is no longer usable
Subroutine arguments created only when they’re modified
Group vector changeable with ""$)""
Fixed parsing of $$<digit>, &$<digit>, etc.
Fixed localization of $<digit>, $&, etc.
No resetting of $. on implicit close ""wantarray"" may return undef ""eval EXPR"" determines value of EXPR in scalar context
Changes to tainting checks

No glob() or <*>, No spawning if tainted $CDPATH, $ENV, $BASH_ENV, No spawning if tainted $TERM doesn’t look like a terminal name

New Opcode module and revised Safe module
Embedding improvements
Internal change: FileHandle class based on IO: :* classes
Internal change: PerlIO abstraction interface
New and changed syntax

$coderef->( PARAMS )

New and changed builtin constants

__PACKAGE__

New and changed builtin variables

$^E, $^H, $^M

New and changed builtin functions

delete on slices, flock, printf and sprintf, keys as an lvalue, my() in Control Structures, pack() and unpack(), sysseek(), use VERSION , use Module VERSION LIST , prototype( FUNCTION ), srand, $_ as Default, "m//gc" does not reset search position on failure, "m//x" ignores whitespace before ?*+{}, nested "sub{}" closures work now, formats work right on changing lexicals

New builtin methods

isa( CLASS ), can( METHOD ), VERSION( [ NEED ] )

TIEHANDLE now supported

TIEHANDLE classname, LIST , PRINT this, LIST , PRINTF this, LIST , READ this LIST , READLINE this, GETC this, DESTROY this

Malloc enhancements

−DPERL_EMERGENCY_SBRK, −DPACK_MALLOC, −DTWO_POT_OPTIMIZE

Miscellaneous efficiency enhancements

Support for More Operating Systems

Win32
Plan 9

QNX

AmigaOS

Pragmata

use autouse MODULE => qw(sub1 sub2 sub3), use blib, use blib ’dir’, use constant NAME => VALUE , use locale, use ops, use vmsish

Modules

Required Updates
Installation directories
Module information summary
Fcntl

Math::Complex
Math::Trig
DB_File
Net::Ping
Object-oriented overrides for builtin operators

Utility Changes

pod2html

Sends converted HTML to standard output

xsubpp

"void" XSUBs now default to returning nothing

C Language API Changes

"gv_fetchmethod" and "perl_call_sv", "perl_eval_pv", Extended API for manipulating hashes

Documentation Changes

the perldelta manpage, the perlfaq manpage, the perllocale manpage, the perltoot manpage, the perlapio manpage, the perlmodlib manpage, the perldebug manpage, the perlsec manpage

New Diagnostics

"my" variable %s masks earlier declaration in same scope, %s argument is not a HASH element or slice, Allocation too large: %lx, Allocation too large, Applying %s to %s will act on scalar(%s), Attempt to free nonexistent shared string, Attempt to use reference as lvalue in substr, Bareword "%s" refers to nonexistent package, Can’t redefine active sort subroutine %s, Can’t use bareword ("%s") as %s ref while "strict refs" in use, Cannot resolve method ’%s’ overloading ’%s’ in package ’%s’, Constant subroutine %s redefined, Constant subroutine %s undefined, Copy method did not return a reference, Died, Exiting pseudo-block via %s, Identifier too long, Illegal character %s (carriage return), Illegal switch in PERL5OPT: %s, Integer overflow in hex number, Integer overflow in octal number, internal error: glob failed, Invalid conversion in %s: "%s", Invalid type in pack: ’%s’, Invalid type in unpack: ’%s’, Name "%s::%s" used only once: possible typo, Null picture in formline, Offset outside string, Out of memory!, Out of memory during request for %s, panic: frexp, Possible attempt to put comments in qw() list, Possible attempt to separate words with commas, Scalar value @%s{%s} better written as $%s{%s}, Stub found while resolving method ’%s’ overloading ’%s’ in %s, Too late for "−T" option, untie attempted while %d inner references still exist, Unrecognized character %s, Unsupported function fork, Use of "$$<digit>" to mean "${$}<digit>" is deprecated, Value of %s can be "0"; test with defined(), Variable "%s" may be unavailable, Variable "%s" will not stay shared, Warning: something’s wrong, Ill-formed logical name ⎪%s⎪ in prime_env_iter, Got an error from DosAllocMem, Malformed PERLLIB_PREFIX , PERL_SH_DIR too long, Process terminated by SIG%s

BUGS
SEE ALSO
HISTORY

perlaix, README .aix − Perl version 5 on IBM Unix ( AIX ) systems
DESCRIPTION

Compiling Perl 5 on AIX
OS level
Building Dynamic Extensions on AIX
The IBM ANSI C Compiler
Using GNU ’s gcc for building perl
Using Large Files with Perl
Threaded Perl
64−bit Perl
GDBM and Threads
NFS filesystems and utime(2)

AUTHOR
DATE

perlamiga − Perl under Amiga OS
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Prerequisites

Unix emulation for AmigaOS: ixemul.library, Version of Amiga OS

Starting Perl programs under AmigaOS
Shortcomings of Perl under AmigaOS

INSTALLATION
Accessing documentation

Manpages
HTML
GNU ""info"" files ""LaTeX"" docs

BUILD

Prerequisites
Getting the perl source
Making

sh Configure −Dprefix=/ade −Dloclibpth=/ade/lib

Testing
Installing the built perl

AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

perlbs2000, README .BS2000 − building and installing Perl for BS2000 .
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

gzip
bison
Unpacking
Compiling
Testing
Install
Using Perl in the Posix-Shell
Using Perl in ""native"" BS2000
Floating point anomalies

AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

Mailing list

HISTORY

perlcygwin, README .cygwin − Perl for Cygwin
SYNOPSIS
PREREQUISITES

Cygwin = GNU+Cygnus+Windows (Don’t leave UNIX without it)
Cygwin Configuration

"PATH", nroff, Permissions

CONFIGURE

Strip Binaries
Optional Libraries

"−lcrypt", "−lgdbm" ("use GDBM_File"), "−ldb" ("use DB_File"), "−lcygipc" ("use IPC::SysV")

Configure-time Options

"−Uusedl", "−Uusemymalloc", "−Dusemultiplicity", "−Duseperlio", "−Duse64bitint", "−Duselongdouble", "−Dusethreads", "−Duselargefiles"

Suspicious Warnings

dlsym(), Win9x and "d_eofnblk", Compiler/Preprocessor defines

MAKE

Warnings

ld2

TEST

File Permissions
Hard Links
Filetime Granularity
Tainting Checks
/etc/group
Script Portability

Pathnames, Text/Binary, .exe, chown(), Miscellaneous

INSTALL
MANIFEST

Documentation, Build, Configure, Make, Install, Tests, Compiled Perl Source, Compiled Module Source, Perl Modules/Scripts

BUGS
AUTHORS
HISTORY

perldos − Perl under DOS , W31, W95.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Prerequisites

DJGPP , Pthreads

Shortcomings of Perl under DOS
Building
Testing
Installation

BUILDING AND INSTALLING MODULES

Prerequisites
Unpacking CPAN Modules
Building Non-XS Modules
Building XS Modules

AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

perlepoc, README .epoc − Perl for EPOC
SYNOPSIS
INTRODUCTION
INSTALLING PERL ON EPOC
STARTING PERL ON EPOC
STOPPING PERL ON EPOC
USING PERL ON EPOC

I/O Redirection
PATH Names
Editors
Features
Restrictions
Compiling Perl 5 on the EPOC cross compiling environment

SUPPORT STATUS
AUTHOR
LAST UPDATE

perlhpux, README .hpux − Perl version 5 on Hewlett-Packard Unix ( HP-UX ) systems
DESCRIPTION

Compiling Perl 5 on HP-UX
PA-RISC
PA-RISC 1.0
PA-RISC 1.1
PA-RISC 2.0
Portability Between PA-RISC Versions
Building Dynamic Extensions on HP-UX
The HP ANSI C Compiler
Using Large Files with Perl
Threaded Perl
64−bit Perl
GDBM and Threads
NFS filesystems and utime(2)
perl −P and //

AUTHOR
DATE

perlmachten, README .machten − Perl version 5 on Power MachTen systems
DESCRIPTION

Compiling Perl 5 on MachTen
Failures during ""make test""

op/lexassign.t, pragma/warnings.t

Building external modules

AUTHOR
DATE

perlmacos, README .macos − Perl under Mac OS (Classic)
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR
DATE

perlmpeix, README .mpeix − Perl/iX for HP e3000 MPE

SYNOPSIS

What’s New
System Requirements
How to Obtain Perl/iX
Distribution Contents Highlights

README , public_html/feedback.cgi, 4, 6

Getting Started with Perl/iX
MPE/iX Implementation Considerations
Change History

perlos2 − Perl under OS/2 , DOS , Win0.3*, Win0.95 and WinNT.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Target
Other OSes
Prerequisites

EMX , RSX , HPFS , pdksh

Starting Perl programs under OS/2 (and DOS and...)
Starting OS/2 (and DOS ) programs under Perl

Frequently asked questions

""It does not work""
I cannot run external programs
I cannot embed perl into my program, or use perl.dll from my
program.

Is your program EMX-compiled with "−Zmt −Zcrtdll"?, Did you use the ExtUtils::Embed manpage?

""’’"" and pipe-""open"" do not work under DOS .
Cannot start ""find.exe ""pattern"" file""

INSTALLATION

Automatic binary installation

"PERL_BADLANG", "PERL_BADFREE", Config.pm

Manual binary installation

Perl VIO and PM executables (dynamically linked), Perl_ VIO executable (statically linked), Executables for Perl utilities, Main Perl library, Additional Perl modules, Tools to compile Perl modules, Manpages for Perl and utilities, Manpages for Perl modules, Source for Perl documentation, Perl manual in .INF format, Pdksh

Warning

Accessing documentation

OS/2 .INF file
Plain text
Manpages
HTML
GNU ""info"" files
.PDF files ""LaTeX"" docs

BUILD

The short story
Prerequisites
Getting perl source
Application of the patches
Hand-editing
Making
Testing

A lot of "bad free", Process terminated by SIGTERM/SIGINT , op/fs.t, op/stat.t

Installing the built perl ""a.out""−style build

Build FAQ

Some ""/"" became ""\"" in pdksh. ""’errno’"" − unresolved external
Problems with tr or sed
Some problem (forget which ;−)
Library ... not found
Segfault in make
op/sprintf test failure

Specific (mis)features of OS/2 port

""setpriority"", ""getpriority"" ""system()"" ""extproc"" on the first line
Additional modules:
Prebuilt methods:

"File::Copy::syscopy", "DynaLoader::mod2fname", "Cwd::current_drive()",

	`"Cwd::sys_chdir(name)"`, `"Cwd::change_drive(name)"`, `"Cwd::sys_is_absolute(name)"`,			`"Cwd::sys_is_rooted(name)"`, `"Cwd::sys_is_relative(name)"`,
				`"Cwd::sys_cwd(name)"`, `"Cwd::sys_abspath(name, dir)"`, `"Cwd::extLibpath([type])"`, `"Cwd::extLibpath_set( path [, type ] )"`, `"OS2::Error(do_harderror,do_exception)"`, `"OS2::Errors2Drive(drive)"`, OS2:\fIs0:SysInfo(), OS2:\fIs0:BootDrive(), `"OS2::MorphPM(serve)"`, `"OS2::UnMorphPM(serve)"`, `"OS2::Serve_Messages(force)"`, `"OS2::Process_Messages(force [, cnt])"`, `"OS2::_control87(new,mask)"`, OS2:\fIs0:get_control87(), `"OS2::set_control87_em(new=MCW_EM,mask=MCW_EM)"`

Prebuilt variables:

$OS2::emx_rev, $OS2::emx_env, $OS2::os_ver

Misfeatures
Modifications

"popen", "tmpnam", "tmpfile", "ctermid", "stat", "mkdir", "rmdir", "flock"

Identifying DLLs
Centralized management of resources

"HAB", "HMQ"

Perl flavors

perl.exe
perl_.exe
perl__.exe
perl___.exe
Why strange names?
Why dynamic linking?
Why chimera build?

ENVIRONMENT

""PERLLIB_PREFIX"" ""PERL_BADLANG"" ""PERL_BADFREE"" ""PERL_SH_DIR"" ""USE_PERL_FLOCK"" ""TMP"" or ""TEMP""

Evolution

Priorities
DLL name mangling
Threading
Calls to external programs
Memory allocation
Threads

"COND_WAIT", os2.c

AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

perlos390, README .os390 − building and installing Perl for OS/390 .
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Unpacking
Setup and utilities
Configure
Build, test, install
build anomalies
testing anomalies
installation anomalies
Usage Hints
Floating point anomalies
Modules and Extensions

AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

Mailing list

HISTORY

perlsolaris, README .solaris − Perl version 5 on Solaris systems
DESCRIPTION

Solaris Version Numbers.

RESOURCES

Solaris FAQ , Precompiled Binaries, Solaris Documentation

SETTING UP

File Extraction Problems.
Compiler and Related Tools.
Environment

RUN CONFIGURE .

64−bit Issues.
Threads.
Malloc Issues.

MAKE PROBLEMS .

Dynamic Loading Problems With GNU as and GNU ld, ld.so.1: ./perl: fatal: relocation error:, dlopen: stub interception failed, #error "No DATAMODEL_NATIVE specified", sh: ar: not found

MAKE TEST

op/stat.t test 4

PREBUILT BINARIES .
RUNTIME ISSUES .

Limits on Numbers of Open Files.

SOLARIS-SPECIFIC MODULES .
SOLARIS-SPECIFIC PROBLEMS WITH MODULES .

Proc::ProcessTable
BSD: :Resource
Net::SSLeay

AUTHOR
LAST MODIFIED

perlvmesa, README .vmesa − building and installing Perl for VM/ESA .
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Unpacking
Setup and utilities
Configure

Don’t turn on the compiler optimization flag "−O". There’s a bug in the compiler ( APAR PQ18812 ) that generates some bad code the optimizer is on, As VM/ESA doesn’t fully support the fork() API programs relying on this call will not work. I’ve replaced fork()/exec() with spawn() and the standalone exec() with spawn(). This has a side effect when opening unnamed pipes in a shell script: there is no child process generated under

testing anomalies
Usage Hints

When using perl on VM/ESA please keep in mind that the EBCDIC and ASCII character sets are different. Perl builtin functions that may behave differently under EBCDIC are mentioned in the perlport.pod document.

AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

Mailing list

perlvms − VMS-specific documentation for Perl
DESCRIPTION
Installation
Organization of Perl Images

Core Images
Perl Extensions
Installing static extensions
Installing dynamic extensions

File specifications

Syntax
Wildcard expansion
Pipes

PERL5LIB and PERLLIB
Command line

I/O redirection and backgrounding
Command line switches

−i, −S, −u

Perl functions

File tests, backticks, binmode FILEHANDLE , crypt PLAINTEXT , USER , dump, exec LIST , fork, getpwent, getpwnam, getpwuid, gmtime, kill, qx//, select (system call), stat EXPR , system LIST , time, times, unlink LIST , utime LIST , waitpid PID ,FLAGS

Perl variables

%ENV, CRTL_ENV , CLISYM_[ LOCAL ], Any other string, $!, $^E, $?, $^S, $⎪

Standard modules with VMS-specific differences

SDBM_File

Revision date
AUTHOR

perlvos, README .vos − Perl for Stratus VOS
SYNOPSIS

Stratus POSIX Support

INSTALLING PERL IN VOS

Compiling Perl 5 on VOS
Installing Perl 5 on VOS

USING PERL IN VOS

Unimplemented Features
Restrictions

SUPPORT STATUS
AUTHOR
LAST UPDATE

perlwin32 − Perl under Win32
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Setting Up

Make, Command Shell, Borland C ++ , Microsoft Visual C ++ , Mingw32 with GCC

Building
Testing
Installation
Usage Hints

Environment Variables, File Globbing, Using perl from the command line, Building Extensions, Command-line Wildcard Expansion, Win32 Specific Extensions, Running Perl Scripts, Miscellaneous Things

BUGS AND CAVEATS
AUTHORS

Gary Ng <71564.1743@CompuServe.COM>, Gurusamy Sarathy <gsar@activestate.com>, Nick Ing-Simmons <nick@ni-s.u-net.com>

SEE ALSO
HISTORY

PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION

attrs − set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

method, locked

re − Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

attributes − get/set subroutine or variable attributes
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Built-in Attributes

locked, method, lvalue

Available Subroutines

get, reftype

Package-specific Attribute Handling

FETCH_ type_ATTRIBUTES, MODIFY_ type_ATTRIBUTES

Syntax of Attribute Lists

EXPORTS

Default exports
Available exports
Export tags defined

EXAMPLES
SEE ALSO

attrs − set/get attributes of a subroutine (deprecated)
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

method, locked

autouse − postpone load of modules until a function is used
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
WARNING
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

base − Establish IS-A relationship with base class at compile time
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
HISTORY
SEE ALSO

blib − Use MakeMaker’s uninstalled version of a package
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS
AUTHOR

bytes − Perl pragma to force byte semantics rather than character semantics
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

charnames − define character names for "\N{named}" string literal escape.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CUSTOM TRANSLATORS
BUGS

constant − Perl pragma to declare constants
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTES
TECHNICAL NOTE
BUGS
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

diagnostics − Perl compiler pragma to force verbose warning diagnostics
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

The ""diagnostics"" Pragma
The splain Program

EXAMPLES
INTERNALS
BUGS
AUTHOR

fields − compile-time class fields
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

new, phash

SEE ALSO

filetest − Perl pragma to control the filetest permission operators
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

subpragma access

integer − Perl pragma to use integer arithmetic instead of floating point
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

less − perl pragma to request less of something from the compiler
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

lib − manipulate @INC at compile time
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Adding directories to @INC
Deleting directories from @INC
Restoring original @INC

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

locale − Perl pragma to use and avoid POSIX locales for built-in operations
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

open − perl pragma to set default disciplines for input and output
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
UNIMPLEMENTED FUNCTIONALITY
SEE ALSO

ops − Perl pragma to restrict unsafe operations when compiling
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

overload − Package for overloading perl operations
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Declaration of overloaded functions
Calling Conventions for Binary Operations

FALSE , TRUE , "undef"

Calling Conventions for Unary Operations
Calling Conventions for Mutators

"++" and "−−", "x=" and other assignment versions

Overloadable Operations

Arithmetic operations, Comparison operations, Bit operations, Increment and decrement, Transcendental functions, Boolean, string and numeric conversion, Iteration, Dereferencing, Special

Inheritance and overloading

Strings as values of "use overload" directive, Overloading of an operation is inherited by derived classes

SPECIAL SYMBOLS FOR ""use overload""

Last Resort
Fallback

"undef", TRUE , defined, but FALSE

Copy Constructor

Example

MAGIC AUTOGENERATION

Assignment forms of arithmetic operations, Conversion operations, Increment and decrement, "abs($a)", Unary minus, Negation, Concatenation, Comparison operations, Iterator, Dereferencing, Copy operator

Losing overloading
Run-time Overloading
Public functions

overload::StrVal(arg), overload::Overloaded(arg), overload::Method(obj,op)

Overloading constants

integer, float, binary, q, qr

IMPLEMENTATION
Metaphor clash
Cookbook

Two-face scalars
Two-face references
Symbolic calculator
Really symbolic calculator

AUTHOR
DIAGNOSTICS

Odd number of arguments for overload::constant, ’%s’ is not an overloadable type, ’%s’ is not a code reference

BUGS

re − Perl pragma to alter regular expression behaviour
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

sigtrap − Perl pragma to enable simple signal handling
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

SIGNAL HANDLERS

stack-trace, die, handler your-handler

SIGNAL LISTS

normal-signals, error-signals, old-interface-signals

OTHER

untrapped, any, signal, number

EXAMPLES

strict − Perl pragma to restrict unsafe constructs
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

"strict refs", "strict vars", "strict subs"

subs − Perl pragma to predeclare sub names
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

utf8 − Perl pragma to enable/disable UTF-8 in source code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

vars − Perl pragma to predeclare global variable names (obsolete)
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

warnings − Perl pragma to control optional warnings
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

use warnings::register, warnings::enabled(), warnings::enabled($category), warnings::enabled($object), warnings::warn($message), warnings::warn($category, $message), warnings::warn($object, $message), warnings::warnif($message), warnings::warnif($category, $message), warnings::warnif($object, $message)

warnings::register − warnings import function

MODULE DOCUMENTATION

AnyDBM_File − provide framework for multiple DBMs
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

DBM Comparisons

[0], [1], [2], [3]

SEE ALSO

AutoLoader − load subroutines only on demand
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Subroutine Stubs
Using AutoLoader’s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
Overriding AutoLoader’s AUTOLOAD Subroutine
Package Lexicals
Not Using AutoLoader
AutoLoader vs. SelfLoader

CAVEATS
SEE ALSO

AutoSplit − split a package for autoloading
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

$keep, $check, $modtime
Multiple packages

DIAGNOSTICS

B − The Perl Compiler
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OVERVIEW OF CLASSES

SV-RELATED CLASSES
B::SV METHODS

REFCNT , FLAGS

B::IV METHODS

IV , IVX , UVX , int_value, needs64bits, packiv

B::NV METHODS

NV , NVX

B::RV METHODS

B::PV METHODS

PV , PVX

B::PVMG METHODS

MAGIC , SvSTASH

B::MAGIC METHODS

MOREMAGIC , PRIVATE , TYPE , FLAGS , OBJ , PTR

B::PVLV METHODS

TARGOFF , TARGLEN , TYPE , TARG

B::BM METHODS

USEFUL , PREVIOUS , RARE , TABLE

B::GV METHODS

is_empty, NAME , SAFENAME , STASH , SV , IO , FORM , AV , HV , EGV , CV , CVGEN , LINE , FILE , FILEGV , GvREFCNT, FLAGS

B::IO METHODS

LINES , PAGE , PAGE_LEN , LINES_LEFT , TOP_NAME , TOP_GV , FMT_NAME , FMT_GV , BOTTOM_NAME , BOTTOM_GV , SUBPROCESS , IoTYPE, IoFLAGS

B::AV METHODS

FILL , MAX , OFF , ARRAY , AvFLAGS

B::CV METHODS

STASH , START , ROOT , GV , FILE , DEPTH , PADLIST , OUTSIDE , XSUB , XSUBANY , CvFLAGS

B::HV METHODS

FILL , MAX , KEYS , RITER , NAME , PMROOT , ARRAY

OP-RELATED CLASSES
B::OP METHODS

next, sibling, name, ppaddr, desc, targ, type, seq, flags, private

B::UNOP METHOD

first

B::BINOP METHOD

last

B::LOGOP METHOD

other

B::LISTOP METHOD

children

B::PMOP METHODS

pmreplroot, pmreplstart, pmnext, pmregexp, pmflags, pmpermflags, precomp

B::SVOP METHOD

sv, gv

B::PADOP METHOD

padix

B::PVOP METHOD

B::LOOP METHODS

redoop, nextop, lastop

B::COP METHODS

label, stash, file, cop_seq, arybase, line

FUNCTIONS EXPORTED BY ""B""

main_cv, init_av, main_root, main_start, comppadlist, sv_undef, sv_yes, sv_no, amagic_generation, walkoptree( OP , METHOD ), walkoptree_debug( DEBUG ), walksymtable( SYMREF , METHOD , RECURSE ), svref_2object( SV ), ppname( OPNUM ), hash( STR ), cast_I32(I), minus_c, cstring( STR ), class( OBJ ), threadsv_names

AUTHOR

B::Asmdata − Autogenerated data about Perl ops, used to generate bytecode
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

B::Assembler − Assemble Perl bytecode
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHORS

B::Bblock − Walk basic blocks
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

B::Bytecode − Perl compiler’s bytecode backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

−ofilename, −afilename, −-, −f, −fcompress-nullops, −fomit-sequence-numbers, −fbypass-nullops, −On, −D, −Do, −Db, −Da, −DC, −S, −upackage Stores package in the output. =back

EXAMPLES
BUGS
AUTHORS

B::C − Perl compiler’s C backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

−ofilename, −v, −-, −uPackname, −D, −Do, −Dc, −DA, −DC, −DM, −f, −fcog, −fno-cog, −On, −llimit

EXAMPLES
BUGS
AUTHOR

B::CC − Perl compiler’s optimized C translation backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

−ofilename, −v, −-, −uPackname, −mModulename, −D, −Dr, −DO, −Ds, −Dp, −Dq, −Dl, −Dt, −f, −ffreetmps-each-bblock, −ffreetmps-each-loop, −fomit-taint, −On

EXAMPLES
BUGS
DIFFERENCES

Loops
Context of ""..""
Arithmetic
Deprecated features

AUTHOR

B::Concise − Walk Perl syntax tree, printing concise info about ops
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

−basic, −exec, −tree, −compact, −loose, −vt, −ascii, −main, −basen, −bigendian, −littleendian, −concise, −terse, −linenoise, −debug, −env

FORMATTING SPECIFICATIONS

(x(exec_text;basic_text)x), (*(text)*), (*(text1;text2)*), (?(text1#varText2)?), #var, #varN, ~, #addr, #arg, #class, #classym, #coplabel, #exname, #extarg, #firstaddr, #flags, #flagval, #hyphenseq, #label, #lastaddr, #name, #NAME, #next, #nextaddr, #noise, #private, #privval, #seq, #seqnum, #sibaddr, #svaddr, #svclass, #svval, #targ, #targarg, #targarglife, #typenum

ABBREVIATIONS

OP flags abbreviations
OP class abbreviations

AUTHOR

B::Debug − Walk Perl syntax tree, printing debug info about ops
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

B::Deparse − Perl compiler backend to produce perl code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

−l, −p, −q, −u PACKAGE , −s LETTERS , C, i NUMBER , T, v STRING ., −x LEVEL

USING B::Deparse AS A MODULE

Synopsis
Description

new

coderef2text

BUGS
AUTHOR

B::Disassembler − Disassemble Perl bytecode
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

B::Lint − Perl lint
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS AND LINT CHECKS

context, implicit-read and implicit-write, dollar-underscore, private-names, undefined-subs, regexp-variables, all, none

NON LINT-CHECK OPTIONS

−u Package

BUGS
AUTHOR

B::O, O − Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONVENTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION
AUTHOR

B::Showlex − Show lexical variables used in functions or files
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

B::Stackobj − Helper module for CC backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

B::Stash − show what stashes are loaded

B::Terse − Walk Perl syntax tree, printing terse info about ops
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

B::Xref − Generates cross reference reports for Perl programs
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

"−oFILENAME", "−r", "−D[tO]"

BUGS
AUTHOR

Bblock, B::Bblock − Walk basic blocks
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

Benchmark − benchmark running times of Perl code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Methods

new, debug, iters

Standard Exports

timeit( COUNT , CODE ), timethis ( COUNT , CODE , [ TITLE , [ STYLE ]] ), timethese ( COUNT , CODEHASHREF , [ STYLE ] ), timediff ( T1, T2 ), timestr ( TIMEDIFF , [ STYLE , [ FORMAT ] ] )

Optional Exports

clearcache ( COUNT ), clearallcache ( ), cmpthese ( COUT , CODEHASHREF , [ STYLE ] ), cmpthese ( RESULTSHASHREF ), countit( TIME , CODE ), disablecache ( ), enablecache ( ), timesum ( T1, T2 )

NOTES
EXAMPLES
INHERITANCE
CAVEATS
SEE ALSO
AUTHORS
MODIFICATION HISTORY

ByteLoader − load byte compiled perl code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

Bytecode, B::Bytecode − Perl compiler’s bytecode backend
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPTIONS

EXAMPLES
BUGS
AUTHORS

CGI − Simple Common Gateway Interface Class
SYNOPSIS
ABSTRACT
DESCRIPTION

PROGRAMMING STYLE
CALLING CGI .PM ROUTINES
CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT ( OBJECT-ORIENTED STYLE ):
CREATING A NEW QUERY OBJECT FROM AN INPUT FILE
FETCHING A LIST OF KEYWORDS FROM THE QUERY:
FETCHING THE NAMES OF ALL THE PARAMETERS PASSED TO YOUR SCRIPT:
FETCHING THE VALUE OR VALUES OF A SINGLE NAMED PARAMETER:
SETTING THE VALUE(S) OF A NAMED PARAMETER:
APPENDING ADDITIONAL VALUES TO A NAMED PARAMETER:
IMPORTING ALL PARAMETERS INTO A NAMESPACE:
DELETING A PARAMETER COMPLETELY:
DELETING ALL PARAMETERS:
DIRECT ACCESS TO THE PARAMETER LIST:
FETCHING THE PARAMETER LIST AS A HASH:
SAVING THE STATE OF THE SCRIPT TO A FILE:
RETRIEVING CGI ERRORS
USING THE FUNCTION-ORIENTED INTERFACE

:cgi, :form, :html2, :html3, :netscape, :html, :standard, :all

PRAGMAS

−any, −compile, −nosticky, −no_xhtml, −nph, −newstyle_urls, −oldstyle_urls, −autoload, −no_debug, −debug, −private_tempfiles

SPECIAL FORMS FOR IMPORTING HTML-TAG FUNCTIONS

1. start_table() (generates a < TABLE > tag), 2. end_table() (generates a </TABLE> tag), 3. start_ul() (generates a < UL > tag), 4. end_ul() (generates a </UL> tag)

GENERATING DYNAMIC DOCUMENTS

CREATING A STANDARD HTTP HEADER:
GENERATING A REDIRECTION HEADER
CREATING THE HTML DOCUMENT HEADER

Parameters:, 4, 5, 6..

ENDING THE HTML DOCUMENT:
CREATING A SELF-REFERENCING URL THAT PRESERVES STATE INFORMATION:
OBTAINING THE SCRIPT ’S URL

−absolute, −relative, −full, −path (−path_info), −query (−query_string), −base

MIXING POST AND URL PARAMETERS

CREATING STANDARD HTML ELEMENTS:

PROVIDING ARGUMENTS TO HTML SHORTCUTS
THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY OF HTML SHORTCUTS
HTML SHORTCUTS AND LIST INTERPOLATION
NON-STANDARD HTML SHORTCUTS
AUTOESCAPING HTML

$escaped_string = escapeHTML("unescaped string");, $charset = charset([$charset]);, $flag = autoEscape([$flag]);

PRETTY-PRINTING HTML

CREATING FILL-OUT FORMS:

CREATING AN ISINDEX TAG
STARTING AND ENDING A FORM

application/x-www-form-urlencoded, multipart/form-data

CREATING A TEXT FIELD

Parameters

CREATING A BIG TEXT FIELD
CREATING A PASSWORD FIELD
CREATING A FILE UPLOAD FIELD

Parameters

CREATING A POPUP MENU
CREATING A SCROLLING LIST

Parameters:

CREATING A GROUP OF RELATED CHECKBOXES

Parameters:

CREATING A STANDALONE CHECKBOX

Parameters:

CREATING A RADIO BUTTON GROUP

Parameters:

CREATING A SUBMIT BUTTON

Parameters:

CREATING A RESET BUTTON
CREATING A DEFAULT BUTTON
CREATING A HIDDEN FIELD

Parameters:

CREATING A CLICKABLE IMAGE BUTTON

Parameters:

CREATING A JAVASCRIPT ACTION BUTTON

HTTP COOKIES

1. an expiration time, 2. a domain, 3. a path, 4. a "secure" flag, −name, −value, −path, −domain, −expires, −secure

WORKING WITH FRAMES

1. Create a <Frameset> document, 2. Specify the destination for the document in the HTTP header, 3. Specify the destination for the document in the < FORM > tag

LIMITED SUPPORT FOR CASCADING STYLE SHEETS
DEBUGGING

DUMPING OUT ALL THE NAME/VALUE PAIRS

FETCHING ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

Accept(), raw_cookie(), user_agent(), path_info(), path_translated(), remote_host(), script_name(), referer(), auth_type (), server_name (), virtual_host (), server_port (), server_software (), remote_user (), user_name (), request_method(), content_type(), http(), https()

USING NPH SCRIPTS

In the use statement, By calling the nph() method:, By using −nph parameters

Server Push

multipart_init(), multipart_start(), multipart_end(), multipart_final()

Avoiding Denial of Service Attacks

$CGI::POST_MAX, $CGI::DISABLE_UPLOADS, 1. On a script-by-script basis, 2. Globally for all scripts

COMPATIBILITY WITH CGI-LIB .PL
AUTHOR INFORMATION
CREDITS

Matt Heffron (heffron@falstaff.css.beckman.com), James Taylor (james.taylor@srs.gov), Scott Anguish <sanguish@digifix.com>, Mike Jewell (mlj3u@virginia.edu), Timothy Shimmin (tes@kbs.citri.edu.au), Joergen Haegg (jh@axis.se), Laurent Delfosse (delfosse@delfosse.com), Richard Resnick (applepi1@aol.com), Craig Bishop (csb@barwonwater.vic.gov.au), Tony Curtis (tc@vcpc.univie.ac.at), Tim Bunce (Tim.Bunce@ig.co.uk), Tom Christiansen (tchrist@convex.com), Andreas Koenig (k@franz.ww.TU-Berlin.DE), Tim MacKenzie (Tim.MacKenzie@fulcrum.com.au), Kevin B. Hendricks (kbhend@dogwood.tyler.wm.edu), Stephen Dahmen (joyfire@inxpress.net), Ed Jordan (ed@fidalgo.net), David Alan Pisoni (david@cnation.com), Doug MacEachern (dougm@opengroup.org), Robin Houston (robin@oneworld.org), ...and many many more..

A COMPLETE EXAMPLE OF A SIMPLE FORM-BASED SCRIPT
BUGS
SEE ALSO

CGI: :Apache − Backward compatibility module for CGI .pm
SYNOPSIS
ABSTRACT
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR INFORMATION
BUGS
SEE ALSO

CGI: :Carp, CGI: :Carp − CGI routines for writing to the HTTPD (or other) error log
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
REDIRECTING ERROR MESSAGES
MAKING PERL ERRORS APPEAR IN THE BROWSER WINDOW

Changing the default message

MAKING WARNINGS APPEAR AS HTML COMMENTS
CHANGE LOG
AUTHORS
SEE ALSO

CGI: :Cookie − Interface to Netscape Cookies
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
USING CGI: :Cookie

1. expiration date, 2. domain, 3. path, 4. secure flag
Creating New Cookies
Sending the Cookie to the Browser
Recovering Previous Cookies
Manipulating Cookies

name(), value(), domain(), path(), expires()

AUTHOR INFORMATION
BUGS
SEE ALSO

CGI: :Fast − CGI Interface for Fast CGI
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OTHER PIECES OF THE PUZZLE
WRITING FASTCGI PERL SCRIPTS
INSTALLING FASTCGI SCRIPTS
USING FASTCGI SCRIPTS AS CGI SCRIPTS
CAVEATS
AUTHOR INFORMATION
BUGS
SEE ALSO

CGI: :Pretty − module to produce nicely formatted HTML code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Tags that won’t be formatted
Customizing the Indenting

BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

CGI: :Push − Simple Interface to Server Push
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
USING CGI: :Push

−next_page, −last_page, −type, −delay, −cookie, −target, −expires, −nph
Heterogeneous Pages
Changing the Page Delay on the Fly

INSTALLING CGI: :Push SCRIPTS
AUTHOR INFORMATION
BUGS
SEE ALSO

CGI: :Switch − Backward compatibility module for defunct CGI: :Switch
SYNOPSIS
ABSTRACT
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR INFORMATION
BUGS
SEE ALSO

CGI: :Util − Internal utilities used by CGI module
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR INFORMATION
SEE ALSO

CPAN − query, download and build perl modules from CPAN sites
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Interactive Mode

Searching for authors, bundles, distribution files and modules, make, test, install, clean modules or distributions, get, readme, look module or distribution, ls author, Signals

CPAN: :Shell
autobundle
recompile
The four ""CPAN::*"" Classes: Author, Bundle, Module, Distribution
Programmer’s interface

expand($type,@things), expandany(@things), Programming Examples

Methods in the other Classes

CPAN:\fIs0:Author::as_glimpse(), CPAN:\fIs0:Author::as_string(), CPAN:\fIs0:Author::email(), CPAN:\fIs0:Author::fullname(), CPAN:\fIs0:Author::name(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::as_glimpse(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::as_string(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::clean(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::contains(), CPAN::Bundle::force($method,@args),CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::get(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::inst_file(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::inst_version(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::uptodate(),CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::install(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::make(),CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::readme(), CPAN:\fIs0:Bundle::test(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::as_glimpse(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::as_string(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::clean(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::containsmods(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::cvs_import(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::dir(), CPAN::Distribution::force($method,@args), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::get(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::install(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::isa_perl(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::look(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::make(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::prereq_pm(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::readme(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::test(), CPAN:\fIs0:Distribution::uptodate(), CPAN:\fIs0:Index::force_reload(),CPAN:\fIs0:Index::reload(), CPAN:\fIs0:InfoObj::dump(),CPAN:\fIs0:Module::as_glimpse(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::as_string(),CPAN:\fIs0:Module::clean(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::cpan_file(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::cpan_version(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::cvs_import(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::description(), CPAN::Module::force($method,@args),CPAN:\fIs0:Module::get(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::inst_file(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::inst_version(),CPAN:\fIs0:Module::install(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::look(),CPAN:\fIs0:Module::make(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::manpage_headline(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::readme(),CPAN:\fIs0:Module::test(), CPAN:\fIs0:Module::uptodate(),CPAN:\fIs0:Module::userid()

CacheManager
Bundles
Prerequisites
Finding packages and VERSION
Debugging
Floppy, Zip, Offline Mode

CONFIGURATION

"o conf <scalar option>", "o conf <scalar option> <value>", "o conf <list option>", "o conf <list option> [shift⎪pop]", "o conf <list option> [unshift⎪push⎪splice] <list>"
Note on urllist parameter’s format
urllist parameter has CD-ROM support

SECURITY
EXPORT
POPULATE AN INSTALLATION WITH LOTS OF MODULES
WORKING WITH CPAN .pm BEHIND FIREWALLS

Three basic types of firewalls

http firewall, ftp firewall, One way visibility, SOCKS , IP Masquerade

Configuring lynx or ncftp for going through a firewall

FAQ

1), 2), 3), 4), 5), 6), 7), 8), 9), 10)

BUGS
AUTHOR
TRANSLATIONS
SEE ALSO

CPAN: :FirstTime − Utility for CPAN: :Config file Initialization
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

CPANox, CPAN: :Nox − Wrapper around CPAN .pm without using any XS module
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

Carp, carp − warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Forcing a Stack Trace

BUGS

Carp::Heavy − Carp guts
SYNOPIS
DESCRIPTION

Class::Struct − declare struct-like datatypes as Perl classes
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

The ""struct()"" function
Class Creation at Compile Time
Element Types and Accessor Methods

Scalar ("’$’" or "’*$’"), Array ("’@’" or "’*@’"), Hash ("’%’" or "’*%’"), Class ("’Class_Name’" or "’*Class_Name’")

Initializing with ""new""

EXAMPLES

Example 1, Example 2, Example 3

Author and Modification History

Config − access Perl configuration information
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

myconfig(), config_sh(), config_vars(@names)

EXAMPLE
WARNING
GLOSSARY

	_		`"_a"`, `"_exe"`, `"_o"`
	a		`"afs"`, `"alignbytes"`, `"ansi2knr"`, `"aphostname"`, `"api_revision"`, `"api_subversion"`, `"api_version"`, `"api_versionstring"`, `"ar"`, `"archlib"`, `"archlibexp"`, `"archname64"`, `"archname"`, `"archobjs"`, `"awk"`
	b		`"baserev"`, `"bash"`, `"bin"`, `"bincompat5005"`, `"binexp"`, `"bison"`, `"byacc"`, `"byteorder"`
	c		`"c"`, `"castflags"`, `"cat"`, `"cc"`, `"cccdlflags"`, `"ccdlflags"`, `"ccflags"`, `"ccflags_uselargefiles"`, `"ccname"`, `"ccsymbols"`, `"ccversion"`, `"cf_by"`, `"cf_email"`, `"cf_time"`, `"charsize"`, `"chgrp"`, `"chmod"`, `"chown"`, `"clocktype"`, `"comm"`, `"compress"`
	C		`"CONFIGDOTSH"`, `"contains"`, `"cp"`, `"cpio"`, `"cpp"`, `"cpp_stuff"`, `"cppccsymbols"`, `"cppflags"`, `"cpplast"`, `"cppminus"`, `"cpprun"`, `"cppstdin"`, `"cppsymbols"`, `"crosscompile"`, `"cryptlib"`, `"csh"`
	d		`"d__fwalk"`, `"d_access"`, `"d_accessx"`, `"d_alarm"`, `"d_archlib"`, `"d_atolf"`, `"d_atoll"`, `"d_attribut"`, `"d_bcmp"`, `"d_bcopy"`, `"d_bincompat5005"`, `"d_bsd"`, `"d_bsdgetpgrp"`, `"d_bsdsetpgrp"`, `"d_bzero"`, `"d_casti32"`, `"d_castneg"`, `"d_charvspr"`, `"d_chown"`, `"d_chroot"`, `"d_chsize"`, `"d_closedir"`, `"d_const"`, `"d_crypt"`, `"d_csh"`, `"d_cuserid"`, `"d_dbl_dig"`, `"d_difftime"`, `"d_dirnamlen"`, `"d_dlerror"`, `"d_dlopen"`, `"d_dlsymun"`, `"d_dosuid"`, `"d_drand48proto"`, `"d_dup2"`, `"d_eaccess"`, `"d_endgrent"`, `"d_endhent"`, `"d_endnent"`, `"d_endpent"`, `"d_endpwent"`, `"d_endsent"`, `"d_eofnblk"`, `"d_eunice"`, `"d_fchmod"`, `"d_fchown"`, `"d_fcntl"`, `"d_fcntl_can_lock"`, `"d_fd_macros"`, `"d_fd_set"`, `"d_fds_bits"`, `"d_fgetpos"`, `"d_flexfnam"`, `"d_flock"`, `"d_fork"`, `"d_fpathconf"`, `"d_fpos64_t"`, `"d_frexpl"`, `"d_fs_data_s"`, `"d_fseeko"`, `"d_fsetpos"`, `"d_fstatfs"`, `"d_fstatvfs"`, `"d_fsync"`, `"d_ftello"`, `"d_ftime"`, `"d_Gconvert"`, `"d_getcwd"`, `"d_getespwnam"`, `"d_getfsstat"`, `"d_getgrent"`, `"d_getgrps"`, `"d_gethbyaddr"`, `"d_gethbyname"`, `"d_gethent"`, `"d_gethname"`, `"d_gethostprotos"`, `"d_getlogin"`, `"d_getmnt"`, `"d_getmntent"`, `"d_getnbyaddr"`, `"d_getnbyname"`, `"d_getnent"`, `"d_getnetprotos"`, `"d_getpagsz"`, `"d_getpbyname"`, `"d_getpbynumber"`, `"d_getpent"`, `"d_getpgid"`, `"d_getpgrp2"`, `"d_getpgrp"`, `"d_getppid"`, `"d_getprior"`, `"d_getprotoprotos"`, `"d_getprpwnam"`, `"d_getpwent"`, `"d_getsbyname"`, `"d_getsbyport"`, `"d_getsent"`, `"d_getservprotos"`, `"d_getspnam"`, `"d_gettimeod"`, `"d_gnulibc"`, `"d_grpasswd"`, `"d_hasmntopt"`, `"d_htonl"`, `"d_iconv"`, `"d_index"`, `"d_inetaton"`, `"d_int64_t"`, `"d_isascii"`, `"d_isnan"`, `"d_isnanl"`, `"d_killpg"`, `"d_lchown"`, `"d_ldbl_dig"`, `"d_link"`, `"d_locconv"`, `"d_lockf"`, `"d_longdbl"`, `"d_longlong"`, `"d_lseekproto"`, `"d_lstat"`, `"d_madvise"`, `"d_mblen"`, `"d_mbstowcs"`, `"d_mbtowc"`, `"d_memchr"`, `"d_memcmp"`, `"d_memcpy"`, `"d_memmove"`, `"d_memset"`, `"d_mkdir"`, `"d_mkdtemp"`, `"d_mkfifo"`, `"d_mkstemp"`, `"d_mkstemps"`, `"d_mktime"`, `"d_mmap"`, `"d_modfl"`, `"d_mprotect"`, `"d_msg"`, `"d_msg_ctrunc"`, `"d_msg_dontroute"`, `"d_msg_oob"`, `"d_msg_peek"`, `"d_msg_proxy"`, `"d_msgctl"`, `"d_msgget"`, `"d_msgrcv"`, `"d_msgsnd"`, `"d_msync"`, `"d_munmap"`, `"d_mymalloc"`, `"d_nice"`, `"d_nv_preserves_uv"`, `"d_nv_preserves_uv_bits"`, `"d_off64_t"`, `"d_old_pthread_create_joinable"`, `"d_oldpthreads"`, `"d_oldsock"`, `"d_open3"`, `"d_pathconf"`, `"d_pause"`, `"d_perl_otherlibdirs"`, `"d_phostname"`, `"d_pipe"`, `"d_poll"`, `"d_portable"`, `"d_PRId64"`, `"d_PRIeldbl"`, `"d_PRIEUldbl"`, `"d_PRIfldbl"`, `"d_PRIFUldbl"`, `"d_PRIgldbl"`, `"d_PRIGUldbl"`, `"d_PRIi64"`, `"d_PRIo64"`, `"d_PRIu64"`, `"d_PRIx64"`, `"d_PRIXU64"`, `"d_pthread_yield"`, `"d_pwage"`, `"d_pwchange"`, `"d_pwclass"`, `"d_pwcomment"`, `"d_pwexpire"`, `"d_pwgecos"`, `"d_pwpasswd"`, `"d_pwquota"`, `"d_qgcvt"`, `"d_quad"`, `"d_readdir"`, `"d_readlink"`, `"d_rename"`, `"d_rewinddir"`, `"d_rmdir"`, `"d_safebcpy"`, `"d_safemcpy"`, `"d_sanemcmp"`, `"d_sbrkproto"`, `"d_sched_yield"`, `"d_scm_rights"`, `"d_SCNfldbl"`, `"d_seekdir"`, `"d_select"`, `"d_sem"`, `"d_semctl"`, `"d_semctl_semid_ds"`, `"d_semctl_semun"`, `"d_semget"`, `"d_semop"`, `"d_setegid"`, `"d_seteuid"`, `"d_setgrent"`, `"d_setgrps"`, `"d_sethent"`, `"d_setlinebuf"`, `"d_setlocale"`, `"d_setnent"`, `"d_setpent"`, `"d_setpgid"`, `"d_setpgrp2"`, `"d_setpgrp"`, `"d_setprior"`, `"d_setproctitle"`, `"d_setpwent"`, `"d_setregid"`, `"d_setresgid"`, `"d_setresuid"`, `"d_setreuid"`, `"d_setrgid"`, `"d_setruid"`, `"d_setsent"`, `"d_setsid"`, `"d_setvbuf"`, `"d_sfio"`, `"d_shm"`, `"d_shmat"`, `"d_shmatprototype"`, `"d_shmctl"`, `"d_shmdt"`, `"d_shmget"`, `"d_sigaction"`, `"d_sigprocmask"`, `"d_sigsetjmp"`, `"d_socket"`, `"d_socklen_t"`, `"d_sockpair"`, `"d_socks5_init"`, `"d_sqrtl"`, `"d_statblks"`, `"d_statfs_f_flags"`, `"d_statfs_s"`, `"d_statvfs"`, `"d_stdio_cnt_lval"`, `"d_stdio_ptr_lval"`, `"d_stdio_ptr_lval_nochange_cnt"`, `"d_stdio_ptr_lval_sets_cnt"`, `"d_stdio_stream_array"`, `"d_stdiobase"`, `"d_stdstdio"`, `"d_strchr"`, `"d_strcoll"`, `"d_strctcpy"`, `"d_strerrm"`, `"d_strerror"`, `"d_strtod"`, `"d_strtol"`, `"d_strtold"`, `"d_strtoll"`, `"d_strtoq"`, `"d_strtoul"`, `"d_strtoull"`, `"d_strtouq"`, `"d_strxfrm"`, `"d_suidsafe"`, `"d_symlink"`, `"d_syscall"`, `"d_sysconf"`, `"d_sysernlst"`, `"d_syserrlst"`, `"d_system"`, `"d_tcgetpgrp"`, `"d_tcsetpgrp"`, `"d_telldir"`, `"d_telldirproto"`, `"d_time"`, `"d_times"`, `"d_truncate"`, `"d_tzname"`, `"d_umask"`, `"d_uname"`, `"d_union_semun"`, `"d_ustat"`, `"d_vendorarch"`, `"d_vendorbin"`, `"d_vendorlib"`, `"d_vfork"`, `"d_void_closedir"`, `"d_voidsig"`, `"d_voidtty"`, `"d_volatile"`, `"d_vprintf"`, `"d_wait4"`, `"d_waitpid"`, `"d_wcstombs"`, `"d_wctomb"`, `"d_xenix"`, `"date"`, `"db_hashtype"`, `"db_prefixtype"`, `"defvoidused"`, `"direntrytype"`, `"dlext"`, `"dlsrc"`, `"doublesize"`, `"drand01"`, `"dynamic_ext"`
	e		`"eagain"`, `"ebcdic"`, `"echo"`, `"egrep"`, `"emacs"`, `"eunicefix"`, `"exe_ext"`, `"expr"`, `"extensions"`
	f		`"fflushall"`, `"fflushNULL"`, `"find"`, `"firstmakefile"`, `"flex"`, `"fpossize"`, `"fpostype"`, `"freetype"`, `"full_ar"`, `"full_csh"`, `"full_sed"`
	g		`"gccosandvers"`, `"gccversion"`, `"gidformat"`, `"gidsign"`, `"gidsize"`, `"gidtype"`, `"glibpth"`, `"grep"`, `"groupcat"`, `"groupstype"`, `"gzip"`
	h		`"h_fcntl"`, `"h_sysfile"`, `"hint"`, `"hostcat"`
	i		`"i16size"`, `"i16type"`, `"i32size"`, `"i32type"`, `"i64size"`, `"i64type"`, `"i8size"`, `"i8type"`, `"i_arpainet"`, `"i_bsdioctl"`, `"i_db"`, `"i_dbm"`, `"i_dirent"`, `"i_dld"`, `"i_dlfcn"`, `"i_fcntl"`, `"i_float"`, `"i_gdbm"`, `"i_grp"`, `"i_iconv"`, `"i_ieeefp"`, `"i_inttypes"`, `"i_libutil"`, `"i_limits"`, `"i_locale"`, `"i_machcthr"`, `"i_malloc"`, `"i_math"`, `"i_memory"`, `"i_mntent"`, `"i_ndbm"`, `"i_netdb"`, `"i_neterrno"`, `"i_netinettcp"`, `"i_niin"`, `"i_poll"`, `"i_prot"`, `"i_pthread"`, `"i_pwd"`, `"i_rpcsvcdbm"`, `"i_sfio"`, `"i_sgtty"`, `"i_shadow"`, `"i_socks"`, `"i_stdarg"`, `"i_stddef"`, `"i_stdlib"`, `"i_string"`, `"i_sunmath"`, `"i_sysaccess"`, `"i_sysdir"`, `"i_sysfile"`, `"i_sysfilio"`, `"i_sysin"`, `"i_sysioctl"`, `"i_syslog"`, `"i_sysmman"`, `"i_sysmode"`, `"i_sysmount"`, `"i_sysndir"`, `"i_sysparam"`, `"i_sysresrc"`, `"i_syssecrt"`, `"i_sysselct"`, `"i_syssockio"`, `"i_sysstat"`, `"i_sysstatfs"`, `"i_sysstatvfs"`, `"i_systime"`, `"i_systimek"`, `"i_systimes"`, `"i_systypes"`, `"i_sysuio"`, `"i_sysun"`, `"i_sysutsname"`, `"i_sysvfs"`, `"i_syswait"`, `"i_termio"`, `"i_termios"`, `"i_time"`, `"i_unistd"`, `"i_ustat"`, `"i_utime"`, `"i_values"`, `"i_varargs"`, `"i_varhdr"`, `"i_vfork"`, `"ignore_versioned_solibs"`, `"inc_version_list"`, `"inc_version_list_init"`, `"incpath"`, `"inews"`, `"installarchlib"`, `"installbin"`, `"installman1dir"`, `"installman3dir"`, `"installprefix"`, `"installprefixexp"`, `"installprivlib"`, `"installscript"`, `"installsitearch"`, `"installsitebin"`, `"installsitelib"`, `"installstyle"`, `"installusrbinperl"`, `"installvendorarch"`, `"installvendorbin"`, `"installvendorlib"`, `"intsize"`, `"issymlink"`, `"ivdformat"`, `"ivsize"`, `"ivtype"`
	k		`"known_extensions"`, `"ksh"`
	l		`"ld"`, `"lddlflags"`, `"ldflags"`, `"ldflags_uselargefiles"`, `"ldlibpthname"`, `"less"`, `"lib_ext"`, `"libc"`, `"libperl"`, `"libpth"`, `"libs"`, `"libsdirs"`, `"libsfiles"`, `"libsfound"`, `"libspath"`, `"libswanted"`, `"libswanted_uselargefiles"`, `"line"`, `"lint"`, `"lkflags"`, `"ln"`, `"lns"`, `"locincpth"`, `"loclibpth"`, `"longdblsize"`, `"longlongsize"`, `"longsize"`, `"lp"`, `"lpr"`, `"ls"`, `"lseeksize"`, `"lseektype"`
	m		`"mail"`, `"mailx"`, `"make"`, `"make_set_make"`, `"mallocobj"`, `"mallocsrc"`, `"malloctype"`, `"man1dir"`, `"man1direxp"`, `"man1ext"`, `"man3dir"`, `"man3direxp"`, `"man3ext"`
	M		`"Mcc"`, `"mips_type"`, `"mkdir"`, `"mmaptype"`, `"modetype"`, `"more"`, `"multiarch"`, `"mv"`, `"myarchname"`, `"mydomain"`, `"myhostname"`, `"myuname"`
	n		`"n"`, `"need_va_copy"`, `"netdb_hlen_type"`, `"netdb_host_type"`, `"netdb_name_type"`, `"netdb_net_type"`, `"nm"`, `"nm_opt"`, `"nm_so_opt"`, `"nonxs_ext"`, `"nroff"`, `"nveformat"`, `"nvEUformat"`, `"nvfformat"`, `"nvFUformat"`, `"nvgformat"`, `"nvGUformat"`, `"nvsize"`, `"nvtype"`
	o		`"o_nonblock"`, `"obj_ext"`, `"old_pthread_create_joinable"`, `"optimize"`, `"orderlib"`, `"osname"`, `"osvers"`, `"otherlibdirs"`
	p		`"package"`, `"pager"`, `"passcat"`, `"patchlevel"`, `"path_sep"`, `"perl5"`, `"perl"`
	P		`"PERL_REVISION"`, `"PERL_SUBVERSION"`, `"PERL_VERSION"`, `"perladmin"`, `"perllibs"`, `"perlpath"`, `"pg"`, `"phostname"`, `"pidtype"`, `"plibpth"`, `"pm_apiversion"`, `"pmake"`, `"pr"`, `"prefix"`, `"prefixexp"`, `"privlib"`, `"privlibexp"`, `"prototype"`, `"ptrsize"`
	q		`"quadkind"`, `"quadtype"`
	r		`"randbits"`, `"randfunc"`, `"randseedtype"`, `"ranlib"`, `"rd_nodata"`, `"revision"`, `"rm"`, `"rmail"`, `"runnm"`
	s		`"sched_yield"`, `"scriptdir"`, `"scriptdirexp"`, `"sed"`, `"seedfunc"`, `"selectminbits"`, `"selecttype"`, `"sendmail"`, `"sh"`, `"shar"`, `"sharpbang"`, `"shmattype"`, `"shortsize"`, `"shrpenv"`, `"shsharp"`, `"sig_count"`, `"sig_name"`, `"sig_name_init"`, `"sig_num"`, `"sig_num_init"`, `"sig_size"`, `"signal_t"`, `"sitearch"`, `"sitearchexp"`, `"sitebin"`, `"sitebinexp"`, `"sitelib"`, `"sitelib_stem"`, `"sitelibexp"`, `"siteprefix"`, `"siteprefixexp"`, `"sizesize"`, `"sizetype"`, `"sleep"`, `"smail"`, `"so"`, `"sockethdr"`, `"socketlib"`, `"socksizetype"`, `"sort"`, `"spackage"`, `"spitshell"`, `"sPRId64"`, `"sPRIeldbl"`, `"sPRIEUldbl"`, `"sPRIfldbl"`, `"sPRIFUldbl"`, `"sPRIgldbl"`, `"sPRIGUldbl"`, `"sPRIi64"`, `"sPRIo64"`, `"sPRIu64"`, `"sPRIx64"`, `"sPRIXU64"`, `"src"`, `"sSCNfldbl"`, `"ssizetype"`, `"startperl"`, `"startsh"`, `"static_ext"`, `"stdchar"`, `"stdio_base"`, `"stdio_bufsiz"`, `"stdio_cnt"`, `"stdio_filbuf"`, `"stdio_ptr"`, `"stdio_stream_array"`, `"strings"`, `"submit"`, `"subversion"`, `"sysman"`
	t		`"tail"`, `"tar"`, `"tbl"`, `"tee"`, `"test"`, `"timeincl"`, `"timetype"`, `"touch"`, `"tr"`, `"trnl"`, `"troff"`
	u		`"u16size"`, `"u16type"`, `"u32size"`, `"u32type"`, `"u64size"`, `"u64type"`, `"u8size"`, `"u8type"`, `"uidformat"`, `"uidsign"`, `"uidsize"`, `"uidtype"`, `"uname"`, `"uniq"`, `"uquadtype"`, `"use5005threads"`, `"use64bitall"`, `"use64bitint"`, `"usedl"`, `"useithreads"`, `"uselargefiles"`, `"uselongdouble"`, `"usemorebits"`, `"usemultiplicity"`, `"usemymalloc"`, `"usenm"`, `"useopcode"`, `"useperlio"`, `"useposix"`, `"usesfio"`, `"useshrplib"`, `"usesocks"`, `"usethreads"`, `"usevendorprefix"`, `"usevfork"`, `"usrinc"`, `"uuname"`, `"uvoformat"`, `"uvsize"`, `"uvtype"`, `"uvuformat"`, `"uvxformat"`, `"uvXUformat"`
	v		`"vendorarch"`, `"vendorarchexp"`, `"vendorbin"`, `"vendorbinexp"`, `"vendorlib"`, `"vendorlib_stem"`, `"vendorlibexp"`, `"vendorprefix"`, `"vendorprefixexp"`, `"version"`, `"versiononly"`, `"vi"`, `"voidflags"`
	x		`"xlibpth"`, `"xs_apiversion"`
	z		`"zcat"`, `"zip"`

NOTE

Cwd − get pathname of current working directory
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

DB − programmatic interface to the Perl debugging API (draft, subject to change)
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Global Variables

 $DB::sub,  %DB::sub,  $DB::single,  $DB::signal,  $DB::trace,  @DB::args,
@DB::dbline,  %DB::dbline,  $DB::package,  $DB::filename,  $DB::subname,
$DB::lineno

API Methods

CLIENT- >register(), CLIENT- >evalcode( STRING ), CLIENT- >skippkg(’D::hide’), CLIENT- >run(), CLIENT- >step(), CLIENT- >next(), CLIENT- >done()

Client Callback Methods

CLIENT- >init(), CLIENT- >prestop([ STRING ]), CLIENT- >stop(), CLIENT- >idle(), CLIENT- >poststop([ STRING ]), CLIENT- >evalcode( STRING ), CLIENT- >cleanup(), CLIENT- >output( LIST )

BUGS
AUTHOR

DB_File − Perl5 access to Berkeley DB version 1.x
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

DB_HASH , DB_BTREE , DB_RECNO
Using DB_File with Berkeley DB version 2 or 3
Interface to Berkeley DB
Opening a Berkeley DB Database File
Default Parameters
In Memory Databases

DB_HASH

A Simple Example

DB_BTREE

Changing the BTREE sort order
Handling Duplicate Keys
The get_dup() Method
The find_dup() Method
The del_dup() Method
Matching Partial Keys

DB_RECNO

The ’bval’ Option
A Simple Example
Extra RECNO Methods

$X->push(list) ;, $value = $X->pop ;, $X->shift, $X->unshift(list) ;, $X->length

Another Example

THE API INTERFACE

$status = $X->get($key, $value [, $flags]) ;, $status = $X->put($key, $value [, $flags]) ;, $status = $X->del($key [, $flags]) ;, $status = $X->fd ;, $status = $X->seq($key, $value, $flags) ;, $status = $X->sync([$flags]) ;

DBM FILTERS

filter_store_key, filter_store_value, filter_fetch_key, filter_fetch_value
The Filter
An Example -- the NULL termination problem.
Another Example -- Key is a C int.

HINTS AND TIPS

Locking: The Trouble with fd
Safe ways to lock a database

Tie::DB_Lock, Tie::DB_LockFile, DB_File::Lock

Sharing Databases With C Applications
The untie() Gotcha

COMMON QUESTIONS

Why is there Perl source in my database?
How do I store complex data structures with DB_File?
What does ""Invalid Argument"" mean?
What does ""Bareword ’DB_File’ not allowed"" mean?

REFERENCES
HISTORY
BUGS
AVAILABILITY
COPYRIGHT
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

Data::Dumper − stringified perl data structures, suitable for both printing and "eval"
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Methods

PACKAGE −>new( ARRAYREF [, ARRAYREF ]), $OBJ−>Dump or PACKAGE −>Dump( ARRAYREF [, ARRAYREF ]), $OBJ−>Seen([ HASHREF ]), $OBJ−>Values([ ARRAYREF ]), $OBJ−>Names([ ARRAYREF ]), $OBJ−>Reset

Functions

Dumper( LIST )

Configuration Variables or Methods

$Data::Dumper::Indent or $OBJ−>Indent([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Purity or $OBJ−>Purity([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Pad or $OBJ−>Pad([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Varname or $OBJ−>Varname([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Useqq or $OBJ−>Useqq([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Terse or $OBJ−>Terse([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Freezer or $ OBJ −>Freezer([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Toaster or $ OBJ −>Toaster([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Deepcopy or $ OBJ −>Deepcopy([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Quotekeys or $ OBJ −>Quotekeys([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Bless or $ OBJ −>Bless([ NEWVAL ]), $Data::Dumper::Maxdepth or $ OBJ −>Maxdepth([ NEWVAL ])

Exports

Dumper

EXAMPLES
BUGS
AUTHOR
VERSION
SEE ALSO

Devel::DProf − a Perl code profiler
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
PROFILE FORMAT
AUTOLOAD
ENVIRONMENT
BUGS
SEE ALSO

Devel::Peek − A data debugging tool for the XS programmer
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Memory footprint debugging

EXAMPLES

A simple scalar string
A simple scalar number
A simple scalar with an extra reference
A reference to a simple scalar
A reference to an array
A reference to a hash
Dumping a large array or hash
A reference to an SV which holds a C pointer
A reference to a subroutine

EXPORTS
BUGS
AUTHOR
SEE ALSO

Devel::SelfStubber − generate stubs for a SelfLoading module
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

DirHandle − supply object methods for directory handles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Dumpvalue − provides screen dump of Perl data.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Creation

"arrayDepth", "hashDepth", "compactDump", "veryCompact", "globPrint", "DumpDBFiles", "DumpPackages", "DumpReused", "tick", "HighBit", "printUndef", "UsageOnly", unctrl, subdump, bareStringify, quoteHighBit, stopDbSignal

Methods

dumpValue, dumpValues, dumpvars, set_quote, set_unctrl, compactDump, veryCompact, set, get

DynaLoader − Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

@dl_library_path, @dl_resolve_using, @dl_require_symbols, @dl_librefs, @dl_modules, dl_error(), $dl_debug, dl_findfile(), dl_expandspec(), dl_load_file(), dl_unload_file(), dl_loadflags(), dl_find_symbol(), dl_find_symbol_anywhere(), dl_undef_symbols(), dl_install_xsub(), bootstrap()

AUTHOR

DynaLoader::XSLoader, XSLoader − Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

English − use nice English (or awk) names for ugly punctuation variables
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS

Env − perl module that imports environment variables as scalars or arrays
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
LIMITATIONS
AUTHOR

Errno − System errno constants
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CAVEATS
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

Exporter − Implements default import method for modules
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

How to Export
Selecting What To Export
Specialised Import Lists
Exporting without using Export’s import method
Module Version Checking
Managing Unknown Symbols
Tag Handling Utility Functions

Exporter::Heavy − Exporter guts
SYNOPIS
DESCRIPTION

ExtUtils::Command − utilities to replace common UNIX commands in Makefiles etc.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

cat

eqtime src dst

rm_f files...

touch files ..

mv source... destination

cp source... destination

chmod mode files..

mkpath directory..

test_f file
BUGS
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

ExtUtils::Embed − Utilities for embedding Perl in C/C ++ applications
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
@EXPORT
FUNCTIONS

xsinit(), Examples, ldopts(), Examples, perl_inc(), ccflags(), ccdlflags(), ccopts(), xsi_header(), xsi_protos(@modules), xsi_body(@modules)

EXAMPLES
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

ExtUtils::Install − install files from here to there
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

ExtUtils::Installed − Inventory management of installed modules
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
USAGE
FUNCTIONS

new(), modules(), files(), directories(), directory_tree(), validate(), packlist(), version()

EXAMPLE
AUTHOR

ExtUtils::Liblist − determine libraries to use and how to use them
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

For static extensions, For dynamic extensions, For dynamic extensions
EXTRALIBS
LDLOADLIBS and LD_RUN_PATH
BSLOADLIBS

PORTABILITY

VMS implementation
Win32 implementation

SEE ALSO

ExtUtils::MM_Cygwin − methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

canonpath, cflags, manifypods, perl_archive

perl_archive_after

ExtUtils::MM_OS2 − methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

ExtUtils::MM_Unix − methods used by ExtUtils::MakeMaker
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

Preloaded methods

canonpath

catdir

catfile

curdir

rootdir

updir
SelfLoaded methods

c_o (o)

cflags (o)

clean (o)

const_cccmd (o)

const_config (o)

const_loadlibs (o)

constants (o)

depend (o)

dir_target (o)

dist (o)

dist_basics (o)

dist_ci (o)

dist_core (o)

dist_dir (o)

dist_test (o)

dlsyms (o)

dynamic (o)

dynamic_bs (o)

dynamic_lib (o)

exescan

extliblist

file_name_is_absolute

find_perl
Methods to actually produce chunks of text for the Makefile

fixin

force (o)

guess_name

has_link_code

htmlifypods (o)

init_dirscan

init_main

init_others

install (o)

installbin (o)

libscan (o)

linkext (o)

lsdir

macro (o)

makeaperl (o)

makefile (o)

manifypods (o)

maybe_command

maybe_command_in_dirs

needs_linking (o)

nicetext

parse_version

parse_abstract

pasthru (o)

path

perl_script

perldepend (o)

ppd

perm_rw (o)

perm_rwx (o)

pm_to_blib

post_constants (o)

post_initialize (o)

postamble (o)

prefixify

processPL (o)

realclean (o)

replace_manpage_separator

static (o)

static_lib (o)

staticmake (o)

subdir_x (o)

subdirs (o)

test (o)

test_via_harness (o)

test_via_script (o)

tool_autosplit (o)

tools_other (o)

tool_xsubpp (o)

top_targets (o)

writedoc

xs_c (o)

xs_cpp (o)

xs_o (o)

perl_archive

perl_archive_after

export_list
SEE ALSO

ExtUtils::MM_VMS − methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Methods always loaded

wraplist

rootdir (override)
SelfLoaded methods

guess_name (override)

find_perl (override)

path (override)

maybe_command (override)

maybe_command_in_dirs (override)

perl_script (override)

file_name_is_absolute (override)

replace_manpage_separator

init_others (override)

constants (override)

cflags (override)

const_cccmd (override)

pm_to_blib (override)

tool_autosplit (override)

tool_sxubpp (override)

xsubpp_version (override)

tools_other (override)

dist (override)

c_o (override)

xs_c (override)

xs_o (override)

top_targets (override)

dlsyms (override)

dynamic_lib (override)

dynamic_bs (override)

static_lib (override)

manifypods (override)

processPL (override)

installbin (override)

subdir_x (override)

clean (override)

realclean (override)

dist_basics (override)

dist_core (override)

dist_dir (override)

dist_test (override)

install (override)

perldepend (override)

makefile (override)

test (override)

test_via_harness (override)

test_via_script (override)

makeaperl (override)

nicetext (override)

ExtUtils::MM_Win32 − methods to override UN*X behaviour in ExtUtils::MakeMaker
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

catfile

constants (o)

static_lib (o)

dynamic_bs (o)

dynamic_lib (o)

canonpath

perl_script

pm_to_blib

test_via_harness (o)

tool_autosplit (override)

tools_other (o)

xs_o (o)

top_targets (o)

htmlifypods (o)

manifypods (o)

dist_ci (o)

dist_core (o)

pasthru (o)

ExtUtils::MakeMaker − create an extension Makefile
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

How To Write A Makefile.PL
Default Makefile Behaviour
make test
make testdb
make install
PREFIX and LIB attribute
AFS users
Static Linking of a new Perl Binary
Determination of Perl Library and Installation Locations
Which architecture dependent directory?
Using Attributes and Parameters

ABSTRACT , ABSTRACT_FROM , AUTHOR , BINARY_LOCATION , C, CAPI , CCFLAGS , CONFIG , CONFIGURE , DEFINE , DIR , DISTNAME , DL_FUNCS , DL_VARS , EXCLUDE_EXT , EXE_FILES , FIRST_MAKEFILE , FULLPERL , FUNCLIST , H, HTMLLIBPODS , HTMLSCRIPTPODS , IMPORTS , INC , INCLUDE_EXT , INSTALLARCHLIB , INSTALLBIN , INSTALLDIRS , INSTALLHTMLPRIVLIBDIR , INSTALLHTMLSCRIPTDIR , INSTALLHTMLSITELIBDIR , INSTALLMAN1DIR , INSTALLMAN3DIR , INSTALLPRIVLIB , INSTALLSCRIPT , INSTALLSITEARCH , INSTALLSITELIB , INST_ARCHLIB , INST_BIN , INST_EXE , INST_HTMLLIBDIR , INST_HTMLSCRIPTDIR , INST_LIB , INST_MAN1DIR , INST_MAN3DIR , INST_SCRIPT , LDFROM , LIB , LIBPERL_A , LIBS , LINKTYPE , MAKEAPERL , MAKEFILE , MAN1PODS , MAN3PODS , MAP_TARGET , MYEXTLIB , NAME , NEEDS_LINKING , NOECHO , NORECURS , NO_VC , OBJECT , OPTIMIZE , PERL , PERLMAINCC , PERL_ARCHLIB , PERL_LIB , PERL_MALLOC_OK , PERL_SRC , PERM_RW , PERM_RWX , PL_FILES , PM , PMLIBDIRS , PM_FILTER , POLLUTE , PPM_INSTALL_EXEC , PPM_INSTALL_SCRIPT , PREFIX , PREREQ_PM , SKIP , TYPEMAPS , VERSION , VERSION_FROM , XS , XSOPT , XSPROTOARG , XS_VERSION

Additional lowercase attributes

clean, depend, dist, dynamic_lib, linkext, macro, realclean, test, tool_autosplit

Overriding MakeMaker Methods
Hintsfile support
Distribution Support

   make distcheck,    make skipcheck,    make distclean,    make manifest,
  make distdir,    make tardist,    make dist,    make uutardist,    make
shdist,    make zipdist,    make ci

Disabling an extension

ENVIRONMENT

PERL_MM_OPT

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

ExtUtils::Miniperl, writemain − write the C code for perlmain.c
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO

ExtUtils::Mkbootstrap − make a bootstrap file for use by DynaLoader
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

ExtUtils::Mksymlists − write linker options files for dynamic extension
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

DLBASE , DL_FUNCS , DL_VARS , FILE , FUNCLIST , IMPORTS , NAME

AUTHOR
REVISION

ExtUtils::Packlist − manage .packlist files
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
USAGE
FUNCTIONS

new(), read(), write(), validate(), packlist_file()

EXAMPLE
AUTHOR

ExtUtils::testlib − add blib/* directories to @INC
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Fatal − replace functions with equivalents which succeed or die
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

Fcntl − load the C Fcntl.h defines
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
EXPORTED SYMBOLS

File::Basename, fileparse − split a pathname into pieces
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

fileparse_set_fstype, fileparse

EXAMPLES

"basename", "dirname"

File::CheckTree, validate − run many filetest checks on a tree
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

File::Compare − Compare files or filehandles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
RETURN
AUTHOR

File::Copy − Copy files or filehandles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Special behaviour if ""syscopy"" is defined ( OS/2 , VMS and Win32)

rmscopy($from,$to[,$date_flag])

RETURN
AUTHOR

File::DosGlob − DOS like globbing and then some
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXPORTS (by request only)
BUGS
AUTHOR
HISTORY
SEE ALSO

File::Find, find − traverse a file tree
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

"wanted", "bydepth", "preprocess", "postprocess", "follow", "follow_fast", "follow_skip", "no_chdir", "untaint", "untaint_pattern", "untaint_skip"

CAVEAT

File::Glob − Perl extension for BSD glob routine
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

"GLOB_ERR", "GLOB_MARK", "GLOB_NOCASE", "GLOB_NOCHECK", "GLOB_NOSORT", "GLOB_BRACE", "GLOB_NOMAGIC", "GLOB_QUOTE", "GLOB_TILDE", "GLOB_CSH", "GLOB_ALPHASORT"

DIAGNOSTICS

"GLOB_NOSPACE", "GLOB_ABEND"

NOTES
AUTHOR

File::Path − create or remove directory trees
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHORS

File::Spec − portably perform operations on file names
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
SEE ALSO
AUTHORS

File::Spec::Epoc − methods for Epoc file specs
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

devnull

tmpdir

path

canonpath

splitpath

splitdir

catpath

abs2rel

rel2abs
SEE ALSO

File::Spec::Functions − portably perform operations on file names
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Exports

SEE ALSO

File::Spec::Mac − File::Spec for MacOS
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

canonpath

catdir

catfile

curdir

devnull

rootdir

tmpdir

updir

file_name_is_absolute

path

splitpath

splitdir

catpath

abs2rel

rel2abs
SEE ALSO

File::Spec::OS2 − methods for OS/2 file specs
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

File::Spec::Unix − methods used by File::Spec
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

canonpath

catdir

catfile

curdir

devnull

rootdir

tmpdir

updir

no_upwards

case_tolerant

file_name_is_absolute

path

join

splitpath

splitdir

catpath

abs2rel

rel2abs
SEE ALSO

File::Spec::VMS − methods for VMS file specs
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

eliminate_macros

fixpath
Methods always loaded

canonpath (override)

catdir

catfile

curdir (override)

devnull (override)

rootdir (override)

tmpdir (override)

updir (override)

case_tolerant (override)

path (override)

file_name_is_absolute (override)

splitpath (override)

splitdir (override)

catpath (override)

abs2rel (override)

rel2abs (override)
SEE ALSO

File::Spec::Win32 − methods for Win32 file specs
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

devnull

tmpdir

catfile

canonpath

splitpath

splitdir

catpath
SEE ALSO

File::Temp − return name and handle of a temporary file safely
PORTABILITY
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONS

tempfile

tempdir
MKTEMP FUNCTIONS

mkstemp

mkstemps

mkdtemp

mktemp
POSIX FUNCTIONS

tmpnam

tmpfile
ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS

tempnam

UTILITY FUNCTIONS

unlink0

PACKAGE VARIABLES

safe_level, STANDARD , MEDIUM , HIGH

TopSystemUID
WARNING

Temporary files and NFS

HISTORY
SEE ALSO
AUTHOR

File::stat − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in stat() functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

FileCache − keep more files open than the system permits
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS

FileHandle − supply object methods for filehandles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

$fh->print, $fh->printf, $fh->getline, $fh->getlines

SEE ALSO

FindBin − Locate directory of original perl script
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXPORTABLE VARIABLES
KNOWN BUGS
AUTHORS
COPYRIGHT

GDBM_File − Perl5 access to the gdbm library.
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AVAILABILITY
BUGS
SEE ALSO

Getopt::Long − Extended processing of command line options
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
Command Line Options, an Introduction
Getting Started with Getopt::Long

Simple options
A little bit less simple options
Mixing command line option with other arguments
Options with values
Options with multiple values
Options with hash values
User-defined subroutines to handle options
Options with multiple names
Case and abbreviations
Summary of Option Specifications

!, +, s, i, f, : type [ desttype ]

Advanced Possibilities

Object oriented interface
Documentation and help texts
Storing options in a hash
Bundling
The lonesome dash
Argument call-back

Configuring Getopt::Long

default, posix_default, auto_abbrev, getopt_compat, gnu_compat, gnu_getopt, require_order, permute, bundling (default: disabled), bundling_override (default: disabled), ignore_case (default: enabled), ignore_case_always (default: disabled), pass_through (default: disabled), prefix, prefix_pattern, debug (default: disabled)

Return values and Errors
Legacy

Default destinations
Alternative option starters
Configuration variables

Trouble Shooting

Warning: Ignoring ’!’ modifier for short option
GetOptions does not return a false result when an option is not
supplied

AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER

Getopt::Std, getopt − Process single-character switches with switch clustering
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

I18N::Collate − compare 8−bit scalar data according to the current locale
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

IO − load various IO modules
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

IO: :Dir − supply object methods for directory handles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (), rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO: :Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :File − supply object methods for filehandles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile

METHODS

open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )

SEE ALSO
HISTORY

IO: :Handle − supply object methods for I/O handles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new (), new_from_fd ( FD , MODE )

METHODS

$io->fdopen ( FD , MODE ), $io->opened, $io->getline, $io->getlines, $io->ungetc ( ORD ), $io->write ( BUF , LEN [, OFFSET ] ), $io->error, $io->clearerr, $io->sync, $io->flush, $io->printflush ( ARGS ), $io->blocking ( [ BOOL ] ), $io->untaint

NOTE
SEE ALSO
BUGS
HISTORY

IO: :Pipe − supply object methods for pipes
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ READER , WRITER ] )

METHODS

reader ([ ARGS ]), writer ([ ARGS ]), handles ()

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :Poll − Object interface to system poll call
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove ( IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :Seekable − supply seek based methods for I/O objects
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

$io->getpos, $io->setpos, $io->setpos ( POS , WHENCE ), WHENCE=0 ( SEEK_SET ), WHENCE=1 ( SEEK_CUR ), WHENCE=1 ( SEEK_END ), $io->sysseek( POS , WHENCE ), $io->tell

HISTORY

IO: :Select − OO interface to the select system call
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ HANDLES ] )

METHODS

add ( HANDLES ), remove ( HANDLES ), exists ( HANDLE ), handles, can_read ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), can_write ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), has_exception ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), count (), bits(), select ( READ , WRITE , ERROR [, TIMEOUT ] )

EXAMPLE
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :Socket − Object interface to socket communications
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ ARGS ] )

METHODS

accept([ PKG ]), socketpair( DOMAIN , TYPE , PROTOCOL ), timeout([ VAL ]), sockopt( OPT [, VAL ]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :Socket::INET − Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ ARGS ] )
METHODS

sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost ()

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :Socket::UNIX − Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ ARGS ] )

METHODS

hostpath(), peerpath()

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :lib::IO::Dir, IO: :Dir − supply object methods for directory handles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

new ( [ DIRNAME ] ), open ( DIRNAME ), read (), seek ( POS ), tell (), rewind (), close (), tie %hash, IO: :Dir, DIRNAME [, OPTIONS ]

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :lib::IO::File, IO: :File − supply object methods for filehandles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] ), new_tmpfile

METHODS

open( FILENAME [,MODE [,PERMS]] )

SEE ALSO
HISTORY

IO: :lib::IO::Handle, IO: :Handle − supply object methods for I/O handles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new (), new_from_fd ( FD , MODE )

METHODS

NOTE
SEE ALSO
BUGS
HISTORY

IO: :lib::IO::Pipe, IO: :Pipe − supply object methods for pipes
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ READER , WRITER ] )

METHODS

reader ([ ARGS ]), writer ([ ARGS ]), handles ()

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :lib::IO::Poll, IO: :Poll − Object interface to system poll call
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

mask ( IO [, EVENT_MASK ] ), poll ( [ TIMEOUT ] ), events ( IO ), remove ( IO ), handles( [ EVENT_MASK ] )

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :lib::IO::Seekable, IO: :Seekable − supply seek based methods for I/O objects
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

$io->getpos, $io->setpos, $io->setpos ( POS , WHENCE ), WHENCE=0 ( SEEK_SET ), WHENCE=1 ( SEEK_CUR ), WHENCE=1 ( SEEK_END ), $io->sysseek( POS , WHENCE ), $io->tell

HISTORY

IO: :lib::IO::Select, IO: :Select − OO interface to the select system call
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ HANDLES ] )

METHODS

EXAMPLE
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :lib::IO::Socket, IO: :Socket − Object interface to socket communications
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ ARGS ] )

METHODS

accept([ PKG ]), socketpair( DOMAIN , TYPE , PROTOCOL ), timeout([ VAL ]), sockopt( OPT [, VAL ]), sockdomain, socktype, protocol, connected

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :lib::IO::Socket::INET, IO: :Socket::INET − Object interface for AF_INET domain sockets
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ ARGS ] )
METHODS

sockaddr (), sockport (), sockhost (), peeraddr (), peerport (), peerhost ()

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IO: :lib::IO::Socket::UNIX, IO: :Socket::UNIX − Object interface for AF_UNIX domain sockets
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONSTRUCTOR

new ( [ ARGS ] )

METHODS

hostpath(), peerpath()

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IPC: :Msg − SysV Msg IPC object class
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

new ( KEY , FLAGS ), id, rcv ( BUF , LEN [, TYPE [, FLAGS ]] ), remove, set ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), snd ( TYPE , MSG [, FLAGS ] ), stat

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IPC: :Open2, open2 − open a process for both reading and writing
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
WARNING
SEE ALSO

IPC: :Open3, open3 − open a process for reading, writing, and error handling
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
WARNING

IPC: :Semaphore − SysV Semaphore IPC object class
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

new ( KEY , NSEMS , FLAGS ), getall, getncnt ( SEM ), getpid ( SEM ), getval ( SEM ), getzcnt ( SEM ), id, op ( OPLIST ), remove, set ( STAT ), set ( NAME => VALUE [, NAME => VALUE ...] ), setall ( VALUES ), setval ( N , VALUE ), stat

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IPC: :SysV − SysV IPC constants
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

ftok( PATH , ID )

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

IPC: :SysV::Semaphore, IPC: :Semaphore − SysV Semaphore IPC object class
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
METHODS

SEE ALSO
AUTHOR
COPYRIGHT

Math::BigFloat − Arbitrary length float math package
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

number format, Error returns ’NaN’, Division is computed to, Rounding is performed

BUGS
AUTHOR

Math::BigInt − Arbitrary size integer math package
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Canonical notation, Input, Output

EXAMPLES
Autocreating constants
BUGS
AUTHOR

Math::Complex − complex numbers and associated mathematical functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
OPERATIONS
CREATION
STRINGIFICATION

CHANGED IN PERL 5.6

USAGE
ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO OR LOGARITHM OF ZERO
ERRORS DUE TO INDIGESTIBLE ARGUMENTS
BUGS
AUTHORS

Math::Trig − trigonometric functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

tan
ERRORS DUE TO DIVISION BY ZERO
SIMPLE ( REAL ) ARGUMENTS , COMPLEX RESULTS

PLANE ANGLE CONVERSIONS
RADIAL COORDINATE CONVERSIONS

COORDINATE SYSTEMS
3−D ANGLE CONVERSIONS

cartesian_to_cylindrical, cartesian_to_spherical, cylindrical_to_cartesian, cylindrical_to_spherical, spherical_to_cartesian, spherical_to_cylindrical

GREAT CIRCLE DISTANCES
EXAMPLES
BUGS
AUTHORS

NDBM_File − Tied access to ndbm files
SYNOPSIS

"O_RDONLY", "O_WRONLY", "O_RDWR"

DIAGNOSTICS

""ndbm store returned −1, errno 22, key ""..."" at ...""

BUGS AND WARNINGS

Net::Ping − check a remote host for reachability
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Functions

Net::Ping->new([$proto [, $def_timeout [, $bytes]]]);, $p->ping($host [, $timeout]);, $p->close();, pingecho($host [, $timeout]);

WARNING
NOTES

Net::hostent − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in gethost*() functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
NOTE
AUTHOR

Net::netent − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in getnet*() functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
NOTE
AUTHOR

Net::protoent − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in getproto*() functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

Net::servent − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in getserv*() functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
NOTE
AUTHOR

O − Generic interface to Perl Compiler backends
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CONVENTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION
AUTHOR

ODBM_File − Tied access to odbm files
SYNOPSIS

"O_RDONLY", "O_WRONLY", "O_RDWR"

DIAGNOSTICS

""odbm store returned −1, errno 22, key ""..."" at ...""

BUGS AND WARNINGS

Opcode − Disable named opcodes when compiling perl code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
WARNING
Operator Names and Operator Lists

an operator name (opname), an operator tag name (optag), a negated opname or optag, an operator set (opset)

Opcode Functions

opcodes, opset ( OP , ...), opset_to_ops ( OPSET ), opset_to_hex ( OPSET ), full_opset, empty_opset, invert_opset ( OPSET ), verify_opset ( OPSET , ...), define_optag ( OPTAG , OPSET ), opmask_add ( OPSET ), opmask, opdesc ( OP , ...), opdump ( PAT )

Manipulating Opsets
TO DO (maybe)
Predefined Opcode Tags

:base_core, :base_mem, :base_loop, :base_io, :base_orig, :base_math, :base_thread, :default, :filesys_read, :sys_db, :browse, :filesys_open, :filesys_write, :subprocess, :ownprocess, :others, :still_to_be_decided, :dangerous

SEE ALSO

Thread::Semaphore − thread-safe semaphores
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
FUNCTIONS AND METHODS

new, new NUMBER , down, down NUMBER , up, up NUMBER

Thread::Signal − Start a thread which runs signal handlers reliably
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
BUGS

Thread::Specific − thread-specific keys
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

Tie::Array − base class for tied arrays
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

TIEARRAY classname, LIST , STORE this, index, value, FETCH this, index, FETCHSIZE this, STORESIZE this, count, EXTEND this, count, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this, DESTROY this, PUSH this, LIST , POP this, SHIFT this, UNSHIFT this, LIST , SPLICE this, offset, length, LIST

CAVEATS
AUTHOR

Tie::Handle, Tie::StdHandle − base class definitions for tied handles
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

TIEHANDLE classname, LIST , WRITE this, scalar, length, offset, PRINT this, LIST , PRINTF this, format, LIST , READ this, scalar, length, offset, READLINE this, GETC this, CLOSE this, OPEN this, filename, BINMODE this, EOF this, TELL this, SEEK this, offset, whence, DESTROY this

MORE INFORMATION
COMPATIBILITY

Tie::Hash, Tie::StdHash − base class definitions for tied hashes
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

TIEHASH classname, LIST , STORE this, key, value, FETCH this, key, FIRSTKEY this, NEXTKEY this, lastkey, EXISTS this, key, DELETE this, key, CLEAR this

CAVEATS
MORE INFORMATION

Tie::RefHash − use references as hash keys
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE
AUTHOR
VERSION
SEE ALSO

Tie::Scalar, Tie::StdScalar − base class definitions for tied scalars
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

TIESCALAR classname, LIST , FETCH this, STORE this, value, DESTROY this

MORE INFORMATION

Tie::SubstrHash − Fixed-table-size, fixed-key-length hashing
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
CAVEATS

Time::Local − efficiently compute time from local and GMT time
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
IMPLEMENTATION
BUGS

Time::gmtime − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in gmtime() function
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

Time::localtime − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in localtime() function
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

Time::tm − internal object used by Time::gmtime and Time::localtime
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

UNIVERSAL − base class for ALL classes (blessed references)
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

isa ( TYPE ), can ( METHOD ), VERSION ( [ REQUIRE ] ), UNIVERSAL: :isa ( VAL , TYPE ), UNIVERSAL: :can ( VAL , METHOD )

User::grent − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in getgr*() functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
NOTE
AUTHOR

User::pwent − by-name interface to Perl’s built-in getpw*() functions
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION

System Specifics

NOTE
AUTHOR
HISTORY

March 18th, 2000

Win32 − Interfaces to some Win32 API Functions
DESCRIPTION

Alphabetical Listing of Win32 Functions

Win32::AbortSystemShutdown( MACHINE ), Win32::BuildNumber(), Win32::CopyFile( FROM , TO , OVERWRITE ), Win32::DomainName(), Win32::ExpandEnvironmentStrings( STRING ), Win32::FormatMessage( ERRORCODE ), Win32::FsType(), Win32::FreeLibrary( HANDLE ), Win32::GetArchName(), Win32::GetChipName(), Win32::GetCwd(), Win32::GetFullPathName( FILENAME ), Win32::GetLastError(), Win32::GetLongPathName( PATHNAME ), Win32::GetNextAvailDrive(), Win32::GetOSVersion(), Win32::GetShortPathName( PATHNAME ), Win32::GetProcAddress( INSTANCE , PROCNAME ), Win32::GetTickCount(), Win32::InitiateSystemShutdown, Win32::IsWinNT(), Win32::IsWin95(), Win32::LoadLibrary( LIBNAME ), Win32::LoginName(), Win32::LookupAccountName( SYSTEM , ACCOUNT , DOMAIN , SID , SIDTYPE ), Win32::LookupAccountSID( SYSTEM , SID , ACCOUNT , DOMAIN , SIDTYPE ), Win32::MsgBox( MESSAGE [, FLAGS [, TITLE ]]), Win32::NodeName(), Win32::RegisterServer( LIBRARYNAME ), Win32::SetCwd( NEWDIRECTORY ), Win32::SetLastError( ERROR ), Win32::Sleep( TIME ), Win32::Spawn( COMMAND , ARGS , PID ), Win32::UnregisterServer( LIBRARYNAME )

XSLoader − Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code
SYNOPSIS
DESCRIPTION
AUTHOR

AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION

Here should be listed all the extra programs’ documentation, but they don’t all have manual pages yet:

	a2p
	s2p

find2perl
h2ph
c2ph
h2xs
xsubpp
pod2man
wrapsuid

AUTHOR

Larry Wall <larry@wall.org>, with the help of oodles of other folks.

perltoc(1)

GNU/Linux man pages

Livre :
Expressions régulières,
Syntaxe et mise en oeuvre :

ISBN : 978-2-7460-9712-4
EAN : 9782746097124
(Editions ENI)

GNU/Linux

perltoc(1)

PERLTOC

NAME

DESCRIPTION

BASIC DOCUMENTATION

SYNOPSIS

PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION

MODULE DOCUMENTATION

AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION

AUTHOR

GNU/Linux man pages

Livre :Expressions régulières,Syntaxe et mise en oeuvre :

ISBN : 978-2-7460-9712-4 EAN : 9782746097124 (Editions ENI)

GNU/Linux

CentOS 2.1AS

perltoc(1)

PERLTOC

NAME

DESCRIPTION

BASIC DOCUMENTATION

SYNOPSIS

PRAGMA DOCUMENTATION

MODULE DOCUMENTATION

AUXILIARY DOCUMENTATION

AUTHOR

Livre :
Expressions régulières,
Syntaxe et mise en oeuvre :

ISBN : 978-2-7460-9712-4
EAN : 9782746097124
(Editions ENI)